Waste management is one of the main priorities of the state ecological policy. Therefore the law on wastes which came into force in 2001 estabishes the terms of waste management to guarantee protection of human life and health, but also to ensure protection of the natural environment according to the rule of sustainable development. Pursuant to the act, plans of waste management were developed at each level of public administration. According to these plans wastes were divided into two main groups: wastes generated in the municipal sector and in the economic sector. A quantitative analysis of municipal wastes was conducted in the paper by comparing the amounts estimated on the basis of indices of generating waste streams with real waste quantity collected in 5 rural districts of the malopolskie province. The analysis revealed that estimated amounts of wastes fluctuated between 812.5 and 1614.3 Mg∙year-1, whereas the quantities of collected wastes ranged between 180.5 and 580.8 Mg∙year-1.The difference between the estimated and real amount in these districts was on average 986.2 Mg ∙year-1. Similar divergences were observed while analyzing unit amounts of wastes per one inhabitant. The value computed on the basis of indices was 223.59 kg∙M-1∙year-1, which in comparison with ...
The paper presents results of direct investigations of water consumption conducted for the period of one year in two rural households in the villages of Włostowice and Stanisławice in the malopolskie province. The first analyzed household had a typically farmer character, whereas the second one was a typical urban household. Both household used exclusively tap water, discharged their domestic sewage into the combined sewer system and were characterized by similar standard furnishing in water supply and sewage disposal appliances. The conducted analysis of water consumption rate revealed lower water consumption by a rural household in comparison with the other of urban character, despite the fact that the first consisted of a higher number of inhabitants and was running plant and animal production. Mean water consumption per convertible inhabitant over the whole period of investigations in this household was 86.1dm3· PM-1·d-1, whereas at Stanisławice household it amounted to 129.91dm3· PM-1·d-1. Irregularity of water intake confirmed so called weakly cycle. The largest water consumption by both households was registered on Saturday and the lowest on Tuesday. On all days of the week, except Tuesday, water consumption by the household in Stanisławice was the higher than by the Włostowice household. Two peaks in ...
In the paper, problems of measuring of water usage in the aspect of possibilities of running water loss limitation were exposed. It has been proved that badly selected or of outdated construction water-meter, may influence the value of real and virtual water loss. Introduction of measurement of water usage’s amount has two very important aspects. First: by limitation of water wastage, it causes rationalisation of its usage, and second: it enables accounting amount of water used by locators by walking away from the ineffective and sometimes unfair lump payment collection. Moreover, in the paper short characteristic of water-meters occurring on the market was shown, regarding their division, basic parameters and metrological classes. The most important problems of water-meters’ usage in household architecture were discussed. It has been ascertained, that the causes of water losses, apart from the physical water wastage because of leakages, are measurement errors and water stealing, which directly or indirectly are results of applied mensuration equipment. Examples of interference with installation and water-meters were quoted and possibilities of their limitations were shown. Practical advice was given, which will help to avoid problems with the correct measurement of water usage’s amount. At the end, new trends in mensuration ...
The paper evaluates the technical condition of 70 water supply networks situated in rural and urban-rural communes in Lesser Poland and Subcarpathian voivodeships. Because of large variation of the considered waterworks in terms of their size, they were divided into five groups according to the number of residents served by the waterworks. The age and material structure of the water supply system was characterized, followed by the evaluation of their technical condition based on data from the end of 2009, derived from the operational records of individual waterworks. The analysis of each water supply indicator included their structural division, i.e. the transit, main and distribution pipes as well as water supply connections were analyzed. Another aspect of the analysis was to examine the structure of damage to the pipes. The conducted analysis revealed that the pipes at the age of 25 years dominated in the age structure of the water supply networks, which, given the material they were made of, shows that in most cases they were halfway through their technical timeline. The vast majority of the analyzed water supply networks was constructed of thermoplastic materials and to a much lesser extent - of steel. Cast iron and asbestos cement ...
The problem of hydraulic underloading of sewage treatment plants in ru-ral areas concerns currently many objects. It results from several basic facts, i.e. lack of collective systems of sewage removal or assuming too large volume of in-flowing sewage assumed in a treatment plant construction project. It seems that extension of sewer systems in rural areas seems a matter of time, which will allow to supply much bigger volume of sewage to the treatment plants. On the other hand proper reception of the amount of inflowing sewage is the most complex problem. Currently the most frequently quoted value per capita is 150 dm3∙M-1 of consumed water (discharged sewage) daily. In fact these amounts are often over-estimated whereas real amount of water used is much lower. The paper attempts at comparing the volume of outflowing sewage in com-parison with values planned in the project. The research comprised four house-hold sewage treatment plants situated in rural districts in the malopolskie province. In the Turbojet EP-2 treatment plant sewage inflow during the research period was 0.82 m3∙d-1 and lower than assumed (1.5 m3∙d-1) by 46%. In the Tur-bojet EP-4 the real sewage inflow was on average 0.81 m3∙d-1, which constituted only 19% of the ...
Short-term water usage forecasts are fundamental for the waterworks and sewerage systems as well as for the sewage treatment plants’ optimization. In this research the capability of forecasting the time series of daily household water usage in the farms with implementation of Data Mining methods was evaluated. To prepare the 10-days water usage forecast, exponential smoothing and ARIMA method was used. The source material were the daily amounts of water used for household purposes in the selected farmhouse during 22 months. Exponential smoothing turned out to be the most useful in water usage forecasting, because it includes not only the values, but also the diversification of the future forecasts’ importance. Significant inequality of the daily water usage causes the increase of the forecasts’ errors. The forecasting methods which base on the exponential smoothing algorithms are easy to apply and do not require the assumption of the stationarity of the time series. In the analyzed case relatively good forecast of the daily household water usage was obtained after applying the additive Winters model. On the other hand, ARIMA models allow for the precise forecast of the water usage, providing that the model parameters will be correctly identified and the condition of ...
The physico-chemical quality of the potable water, provided by the waterworksof the selected poviat from Lesser Poland voivodeship, was evaluated.The evaluation included the period of 2003-2006. The objects of the research were20 waterworks' and they were tested for the following water quality indexes: turbidity,reaction, conductivity, ammonia, nitrites, nitrates and fluorine. The resultsfrom the water quality examination, performed by the Sanitary and EpidemiologicalStation, were also used for the analysis. In order to find the variability of eachindex, apart from their average values, also the maximum and minimum amountswere counted, as well as standard deviation and the amount of transgressions ofthe admissible value of the index. The research showed high variability of the indexes'values between different waterworks during the analyzed period. Thesedifferences are clearly seen when comparing the waterworks which use thegroundwater and the waterworks which use the surface water. These first waterworksprovide water of better quality. The physico-chemical properties of watertaken from the tested waterworks are 64,3% consistent with the Ministry of HealthRegulation on the potable water quality. The majority of problems in the group ofphysico-chemical indexes is caused by the transgressions of the water turbidity indexes.In case of the groundwater intakes, the admissible value - 1 NTU was exceededby 19,2% ...
The aim of this study was the application of the triangle method for the calculation of the infiltration and inflow volume entering the sanitary sewer system operating in the Cracow County (Lesser Poland Voivodeship). The analyzed, 10 km long, sewer system is made of vitrified clay pipes with diameters of 200, 250 and 300 mm. Infiltration and inflow, also called extraneous water, adversely affect the operation of sewer systems and sewage treatment plants, what in turn may result in water contamination in the receiver. Amount of extraneous water in the inflows to sewer systems should be estimated using the available computational methods and their causes should be eliminated on an ongoing basis. The conducted study showed an alarming amount of extraneous water flowing into the analyzed sewer system, i.e. in 2010 it accounted for 41.1% (40033 m3), in 2011 - 28.7% (22224 m3), while in 2012 - 23.4% (16848 m3) of the total annual volume of polluted water. The volume of infiltration and inflow entering the examined sewer system depended primarily on the frequency of precipitation, and - to a lesser extent - on its annual total amount. Illegal connections of yard inlets or gutters to the sewage drains are ...
The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the removal of nitrogen compounds in two domestic sewage treatment plants operate based on activated sludge technology. In addition, the effect of sewage temperature in the bioreactors analyzed the effectiveness of the elimination rate. Also analyzed the treatment Turbojet EP-2 with a capacity designed from 1.2 to 1.8 m3•d-1, and treatment Turbojet EP-4 with a capacity of 3.5÷5.0 designed m3•d-1. During the study period the two objects were hydraulically underloaded. Based on studies conducted in 2008-2010 found that the average concentration of total nitrogen in raw sewage were 82.6 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment plant Turbojet EP-2 and 102.0 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-4, the mean concentration of total nitrogen in treated wastewater were 30.2 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-2 and 65.5 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-4. During the study found large fluctuations in the concentrations of total nitrogen in treated wastewater, which ranged from 12.2 to 77.1 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-2 and from 15.3 to 130.7 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-4. This demonstrates the instability occurring processes of nitrification and denitrification. High impact on the percentage of disposal process was nitrogen temperature treatment ...
