Amount of generated municipal wastes depends on many factors, witch themost important are: life standard, population's rate and goods' consumption scaleand intensity.The kind of produced wastes depends on the area where the wastes aregenerated, population denisity, buldings' types, objects of public utility, trade outpostmagnitude and intensity of industry and services.In this paper there was verified dependence between municipal wasteproduction and one of the social-economic factor which is structure of economicactivity (by Polish Classification of Activity - PKD).The researches were conducted in communes of Malopolska Region. Theaverage amounts of produced wastes in different business communes's type andsignificance of differences among average were defined in the analysis.There was indicated that the biggest waste production (per capita) havecommunes, where the dominant business activities are financed (or insurance),transport or tourism. The least wastes are generating with construction, energeticand agriculture as the main economic activity. ...
The municipal waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes col-lected by a municipality within a given area. EU waste management principles were defined in the Waste Framework Directive 74/442/EWG. In 2007 in EU countries 261 Mio Mg waste (522 kg*(capita*year)-1) were generated. In Poland the production index was lower and came to 322 kg*(capita*year)-1. 179 communes of Malopolska were choused as the research area. Jenk's method (natural break algorithm, also known as the goodness of variance fit (GVF).) was used in the analysis. This method in the best way describes spatial data arrangement. The Jenks optimization method was used to classify features us-ing natural breaks in data values. It was used to minimize the squared deviations of the class means. Optimization was achieved when the quantity GVF was maxi-mized.There was made a spatial analysis of the waste production, numbers of inhabi-tants and population densities in Malopolska communes by means of GIS soft-ware. Based on the gotten results there were defined the average quantities of generated waste in the specified communes' classes. ...
The municipal waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (municipals waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes col-lected by a municipality within a given area. Amount of generated municipal wastes depends on many factors, which the most important are: life standard, population's rate and goods' consumption scale and intensity. The kind of wastes and its composition depend on the area where the wastes are generated, also depends on population density, buildings' types, objects of public utility, trade outpost magnitude and intensity of industry and services.The acquaintance of morphological composition of municipal waste permits on treat the decision about waste management, projection waste installation, bal-ancing the processes of classification and forecasting about quality of products from wastes.This paper shows several practical methodologies of investigation municipal wastes and norms in Poland.
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Municipal waste management according to EU Directives means the gath-ering, collection, recovery, disposal and monitoring of their creation. The most important linking element in this system is a transport of wastes, mainly carried out through a specialized companies. In Poland, more than 70% costs of waste management system is generated by collection and waste transport from customer to disposal places [Tyc-Szmil 2003]. The effect of rising fuel prices, increased wages of drivers and loaders, is an increasing cost of waste management. A lot of eco-company have to optimize their transport logistics system to minimalizing of costs. To rationalize the transport system are used publicly available computer programs to optimize travel routes or the state fleet.In this paper authors formulation logistic problem of optimization the exist-ing waste transport system. The problem was solved using the developed model of decision-making structure. Authors conduct a spatial analysis of waste transport system for determine optimal collection sectors in the city, based on data collected about the waste transport logistics system in the company MIKI. The main aim of the optimization was to minimize the value of the garbage truck's courses [km] at a determining volume of solid waste collected.
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A new act on maintaining the cleanliness and order in communes of 1 July, 2011, will become effective in Poland on 1 January, 2012. The act will come fully into force on 1 July, 2013. According to this act regulations, commune self-governments take over the obligations of the property owners concerning waste management, moreover, they become responsible for construction and maintenance of the infrastructure supporting recycling and waste disposal processes. The self-governments were granted a 1.5 year transition period to implement the act regulations.The introduced changes are an adjustment of Polish regulation to the Euro-pean law. Only in Poland and Hungary local self-governments have not yet been responsible for management of waste generated in their areas.The article presents an analysis of the basic changes introduced by the act to the Polish system of municipal waste management. Presented are also the estimates of the mass of wastes collected on the territory of Poland with particular regard to the Małopolskie voivodeship. Calculations and forecasts were made on the basis of information collected by the Main Statistical Office (GUS) and commune offices, where systems similar to the one introduced by the act have been operating for several years. The act assumes that all ...
Temperature is a scalar physical quantity, one of the principal parameters determining the state of a thermodynamic system. It corresponds to the average kinetic energy of the motion and vibration of particles in the system. One of the popular methods of temperature recording is the measurement of electromagnetic (infrared, thermal) radiation parameters emitted by a body of a temperature above the absolute zero (0 K or -273.15°C). The measurement is defined as thermography and it is used to produce images of the distribution of temperatures on the surface of an object (objects) with the use of an infrared radiation detector. The main advantage of this type of measurement is its non-invasive nature. Due to the use of a thermographic camera, it is possible to detect most construction defects without interfering in the structure of a building partition. Thermography allows the measurement of temperature in the spaces that are not easily accessible or those where traditional methods are impossible to employ. Thermography is used in a variety of research specialisations. The article presents the results of research relying on the use of thermogram analysis in the estimation of thermal insulation of chosen external building partitions. Much attention was given to façade ...
Transport and collection costs of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW), have the largest share in the costs structure of municipal waste management. This paper reports the transport costs analysis of MSW collected from the Krakow city and the 20 municipalities bordering the main town of Małopolska Region. There were 6 selected vehicles (garbage trucks) analyzed with similar work characteristics. These vehicles belong to private enterprises dealing with the waste transport. Analyzed data are from the period from June 2010 to June 2013. The largest share in the structure of the waste transport and collection have fuel costs (37 %) and salaries (40 %). Other costs and enterprises profit represent 23 % of the total transport costs. At the rural areas, the largest share in the costs structure have the salary (44 %), while at the urban area the cost of fuel (47 %). The average unit cost of waste transport and collection from rural areas amount is 187 zł.Mg-1 (44 €.Mg-1) and is higher by 50 zł.Mg-1 (12 €.Mg-1) in relation to the cost of waste transport from the urban areas. The impact on the higher unit costs of waste transport in the rural areas have varied topographic features, ...
Among solid wastes one may distinguish mixed wastes, segregated wastes (collected selectively) and biodegradable wastes originating from open-air markets, green areas or cemeteries. Mixed wastes have constituted the largest proportion in the stream of municipal solid waste (MSW), both before and after the changes in waste management system in Poland introduced on 1 July 2013. The other group, regarding the collected wastes volume, is so-called segregation. It has been forecasted that in the nearest future the amount of segregated wastes will be successively growing. The article presents the analysis of selectively collected wastes (paper, plastics, glass and metal) indicators from lower administrative units of Liszki and Mogilany communities. The degree of segregated wastes accumulation efficiency was assessed on the basis of conducted computation. The communities selected for the analysis are suburban municipalities, situated in the area of Krakow agglomeration in the immediate vicinity of the main city of the Malopolskie voivodeship.The main aim of the work was an assessment of selective accumulation of municipal solid wastes in suburban communities. Values of quantitative indices, characterizing mixed and segregated municipal solid waste generated by the inhabitants of individual lower administrative units of the studied communities were subjected to a detailed ...
Products containing asbestos are still one of the most frequently occurring hazardous waste in rural areas in Poland. The main aim of this study was to implement an inventory of asbestos roofs materials in selected Polish village. Skoczyki village in the Lipnica Wielka municipality was selected for analysis. The type of asbestos, the level of removal urgency, and the surface or weight of asbestos were inventoried in November 2014. The aim of this study was to determine the progress in removing products containing asbestos in relation to the data from 2011. The results were compared with the rate of removal of asbestos from Gołaczewy village located in the Wolbrom municipality. The cost of dismantling, transport and disposal of asbestos roofs from analyzed villages, on the nearest landfill of hazardous waste were calculated in this work.In Skoczyki village the number of households with asbestos roofs have decreased by 21% and 35% in Gołaczewy village in the analized period. The most frequently type of asbestos roofs was wavy board. The costs of disposal of this hazardous wastes from Skoczyki are: 400000 PLN, and in the Gołaczewy village: 150000 PLN.In the analyzed area, products containing asbestos are still present, classified as I level ...
Illegal waste deposition in places unadapted for this purpose poses a hazard to the natural environment. Each year over 10 000 illegal dumping sites are liquidated in Poland. The areas where illegal landfills occur are most frequently situated in the vicinity of waste management plants, wastelands, roadsides, byways or unfenced private plots (particularly on the city outskirts), forests and water courses. Despite of the changes introduced in recent years in the system of municipal solid waste management in Poland, which in the first place aimed to prevent formation of illegal dumps, such places still arise causing pollutant emission into the atmosphere. The aim of the paper was conducting an analysis of the existing illegal dumping sites in Krosno commune (Podkarpackie voivodship). The investigations were conducted along the selected stretches of the Wisłok and Lubatówka rivers. The analyses were carried out in three measurement series during the period from March to October 2014. As results from the analyses, new illegal dumping sites arise all the time in the water courses in Krosno city and a majority of them can be easily identified in this area. Glass and plastics have the biggest share in the morphological composition of the waste deposited on ...
This paper reports the analysis of transport costs for segregated municipal solid waste (MSW) collected from the Krakow city and the 13 municipalities bordering the main town of Małopolska Region. There were 4 selected vehicles (garbage trucks) analyzed (collected segregated waste from households) These vehicles have a similar work characteristics. These vehicles belong to private enterprise dealing with the waste transport. The largest share in the structure of the waste transport and collection have fuel costs (29.5%), salaries (26.7%) and cost of bags purchase (18.0%). Other costs and enterprises profit represent 25.8% of the total transport costs. The average unit cost of segregated waste transport and collection is 243.3 zł.Mg-1 and is higher by 60 zł.Mg-1 in relation to the cost of mixed waste transport. Average fuel consumption (Diesel) per 1 Mg of segregated waste is about 13.2dm3.Mg-1 and it is higher than for mixed waste by an average of 1.1 dm3.Mg-1. Furthermore there is a statistically significant dependence between the unit costs of waste transport (dm3.Mg-1) and participation of courses realized at the rural areas (R = -0.83). ...
According to the amendment to the Act on maintaining cleanliness and order in communes, a stationary a municipal solid waste collection point (MSWCP) must be established in each Polish commune or commune union and situated close to the commune center. This point (MSWCP) should exist in the commune (or commune union), which are covered in 100% by protected zone. These objects are a new element in managing of the stream of municipal solid waste in Poland, known in the European countries as "household waste recycling centers" (HWRC).The aim of the work was developing the procedure with the use of tools enabling setting potential locations for MSWCPs in protected areas. The developed method was applied (for verification of the assumptions) in the process of seeking optimal locations for MSWCPs in the communes located in the Świętokrzyski National Park (ŚNP) protection zone. The paper presents the methodology for setting locations for municipal solid waste collection points. A method was developed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographical Information System (GIS). It was possible to designate between 98 and 191 potential locations of MSWCPs in the communes situated in the ŚNP protection zone. The assumed criterion of maximum distance ...
The paper presents an analysis of a chain index of water supply and wastewater infrastructure development dynamics in Poland in the years 2003-2013. The work aimed at determining the development index rate (relative growth) of water supply and sewage systems in Poland divided into 3 basic territorial units (rural, urban-rural and urban districts). Moreover, the paper describes the dynamics of changes concerning water consumption, share of population using water supplied by water supply systems, percentage of households possessing a bathroom and flush toilet and the share of population using sewage system during the analysed period. Conducted analyses used among others the chain index of dynamics to determine the rate of observed changes. The analysis revealed the greatest rate of changes for the indices characterising sewage system and the share of population using the system and wastewater treatment plants. Despite the fact that rural areas were characterized by definitely the highest values of the rate of changes and chain index of changes dynamics, the differences between rural and urban areas concerning water supply and wastewater infrastructure in Poland are still considerable. ...
Mixed municipal solid waste collected from the area of each Polish district (commune) is transferred to Regional Installations for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment. They comprise one or more of the following facilities: installations for mechanical-biological waste treatment (MBT), installations for thermal treatment of municipal solid waste, green waste composting plants and landfill sites. MBT installations have been currently the dominant technology of mixed municipal solid waste treatment in Poland. In these installations mixed waste is subjected to mechanical processes (including: crushing, separation, screening and classification) resulting in the production of the undersize fraction with usual grain size below 80mm and the oversize fraction with grain size over 80mm. Because of the necessity of stabilization and hygenization of the undersize fraction prior to landfilling, it is subjected to the process of biological treatment, e.g. biostabilization.The main aim of the research was to analyze the temperature changes during the biostabilization of the undersized fraction in thermally insulated BKB100 laboratory bioreactor. The research covered a 14-day period of the intensive phase. The analyses were performed in 6 replications. 40.1±2.2kg of waste with density of 519.2±27.5kg·m-3 and the biodegradable fraction content of 41.9±1.9% was placed in the reactor. The temperature of waste inside the ...
The basic element of a well-organized municipal waste management system is selective waste collection. Separation of waste "at source" (eg in a household) facilitates further handling of waste, in particular transferring it to recycling and recovery. By 2020, a minimum of 50% of the municipal waste, such as paper, metal, plastic and glass, should be recycled or re-used. These wastes are collected selectively in households, offices, offices and service outlets.The aim of the article is to present the results of the analysis conducted during one year of the structure of selectively collected waste in the yellow bag dedicated for plastic waste, with particular emphasis on the share of impurities, that is all those types of waste that should not be thrown into this yellow bag. The research was carried out at MIKI Recykling Ent. from November 2016 to October 2017. Waste came from 3 rural communes. Analysis of the results of the conducted tests showed that the share of impurities in the stream of selectively collected plastics is on average 26.8%, while the most common impurities are: cardboard, "other plastics materials" and glass. About 30% of these impurities can be directed to recycling or recovery processes, while the remaining stream ...
The duty of each municipality in Poland is to set up a stationary Municipal Solid Waste Collection Points (MSWCP). These facilities are a new element of municipal solid waste management system, known in European countries as: "household waste recycling center". The lack of this type of municipal solid waste management infrastructure in many Polish communes or the existence of MSWCPs in the mobile version contributes to the emergence of wild dumps, and also don't allow the increase of the levels of recycling and reuse of some groups of waste.The environmental impact assessment of five existing MSWCPs in one of the poviats of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship was compared in article. The location, functioning and equipment of these facilities were assessed. The RIAM (Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix) method was used for the environmental impact analysis. From among the analyzed MSWCPs, two received a positive assessment, while 3 objects should be close down or completely modernized. ...
The amount of municipal wastes is growing every year and the negative social and environmental impacts became more severe. While integrating with the EU Poland was obliged to reach a 25% recycling level by 2007 and at least 55% level until 2014. Currently 25.6% wastes are recycled, which mainly results from segregation of processing wastes, withdrawing from use multi-use packaging and packaging originating directly from large retail outlets. Currently the recycling level of municipal wastes in Poland is 5.1%. About 1.5% is segregated from the mass of gathered mixed wastes. Poland will have to increase these levels in order to meet the EU requirements. The solutions adopted in the National Plan of Waste Management do not meet either the expectations of the society or local governments. Therefore, new methods of waste recycling should be sought. In the Scandinavian countries one of such methods is Communal Point of Selective Waste Accumulation, commonly known as “Recycling Centre”. The paper presents the methodology of selecting the localization for the “recycling centre” using GIS-based multicriteria analy-sis. The places were chosen on the basis of elaborated localization criteria indi-cating the excluded areas and the terrains predestined for the localization of a recycling centre. ...
The dynamic growth of civilisation requires sufficient access to broadly defined infrastructure. The term stands for a collection of public service devices and installations that are indispensable for providing proper operation of national economy and society's existence [Krakowiak-Bal, 2004]. For centuries, infrastructure has been best developed in the places characterised by highest population density, i.e. mainly in urban areas. This tendency is still noticeable, however, the implemented programs and European Union funds ensure reducing disproportions between rural and urban areas. The main role in this process is occupied by the Rural Development Programme, which enables receiving external funding for the realisation of infrastructure investments most crucial for the region. According to Siemiński [1996], infrastructure, with regard to its scope, is categorised into three groups: utility infrastructure, social infrastructure and economic infrastructure. The present paper considers the issues of utility infrastructure. This type of infrastructure is characterised by unalterable location in an area, general accessibility, functionality and availability. It is considered to be linear, long-lasting, capital-intensive (requiring high investment and exploitation expenditures) indivisible, and its construction requires complex technique and technology. All branches of utility infrastructure (such as waterworks, sewage systems, roads, railroads, etc.) are closely connected with their ...
The article presents the results of a research on the processing of undersize fraction, extracted from a stream of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW), into alternative fuel, in the process of bio-drying. The analysis was conducted with the use of an innovative EWA (Ecological Waste Apparatus) bioreactor adapted to carrying out aerobic treatment of waste in such processes as: composting, aerobic digestion/stabilization and bio-drying of waste. EWA bioreactors have been designed and manufactured by AGRO-EKO spol. s r.o. from the Czech Republic.The subject matter of the analysis was undersize fraction, with particle dimensions ranging from 0 to 50 mm, manufactured in the process of sorting (mechanical processing) of MSW. The main aim of the research was to assess suitability of the use of EWA bioreactor in the process of alternative fuel production from undersize fraction developed from municipal waste (in the process of accelerated bio-drying). Samples were collected between 2011 and 2012. The undersize fraction and the produced alternative fuel were analysed by AGRO-EKO spol. s r.o. and at the University of Agriculture in Krakow, in accordance with the standards for wastes and solid fuels. It has been concluded that undersize fraction produced from mixed municipal waste might be the ...
The article presents common used methods for measuring dissolved oxygen concentration at wastewater facilities. The described methods include Winkler titration and instrumental measurements, such as electrochemical sensors and more recent developed optical ones. The principles, analysis procedures as well as advantages and drawbacks of the methods were discussed. Furthermore, the valid ISO and PN-EN standards for dissolved oxygen measurements were shortly presented with emphasis on the recent changes concerning standards for the optical sensor method. As the results of a survey conducted among wastewater treatment plant operators in southern Poland reveal, optical sensors are being currently preferred in on-line applications due to their enhanced properties in comparison to other measurements methods. ...
The research was conducted to determine the number and species composition of microorganisms isolated from the soils collected in the vicinity of seven largest transport nodes and roundabouts in Krakow. Moreover, the investigations aimed at verifying the differences in the occurrence and biodiversity of the researched microorganism population between four calendar seasons of the year. The soil samples were collected 4 times during the period from November 2013 to August 2014 and then analysed using serial dilutions method. A great microorganism biodiversity was found in the analysed samples. Microorganisms were the most numerous in the autumn-winter period. The most numerous isolated group were vegetative bacteria and ammonifiers. Filamentous fungi were less numerous, which may have been caused by the neutral or slightly alkaline soil pH. Presence of dormant bacteria forms may result from unfavourable environmental conditions caused by a toxic effect of the substances from road transport. Less numerously isolated were actinomycetes and Azotobacter bacteria, regarded as bioindicators of soil fertility. It was found, that the differences in the numbers of the analysed microorganisms over the year are statistically significant for the vegetative and ammonifying bacteria, phytopathogenic fungi and actinomycetes. No significant differences in the microorganism number were stated ...
One of the most frequently applied methods of mixed municipal solid waste biological treatment in mechanical-biological treatment installations (MBT) is their disposal in aerobic biostabilization process. The process comprises an intensive phase and maturation phase. The intensive phase relies on waste heating in result of organic matter breakdown conducted by microorganisms settling the wastes. Microorganisms living in wastes have optimal conditions for development, i.e. a considerable space volume, optimal material fragmentation and organic matter availability. The aim of the aerobic biostabilization process is stabilizing and hygienization of wastes, so that they become a valuable raw material for other recovery processes (e.g. RDF production) or their disposal is safe for the environment and do not pose any epidemiological hazard for people employed in waste treatment plants.Analyses presented in the paper aimed to determine the number and species composition of vegetative and endospore bacteria, mold fungi, actinomycetes and pathogenic microorganisms, i.e. Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., E. faecalis, C. perfringens, settling municipal wastes prior to and after aerobic stabilization process. The aerobic stabilization process (intensive phase) was conducted in a laboratory BKB 100 bioreactor using the wastes, characterized by low share of biodegradable wastes (<40 %), obtained from MBT ...
In this paper was analyzed selected components of technical infrastructure functioning in rural areas of the Malopolska, Świętokrzyskie and Podkarpackie Voivodships. The level of equipping rural areas with specified infrastructure elements was evaluated in the form of density and availability of infrastructure components. The work has been specified the rate of change in the analyzed indicators. In each of the provinces was separated 4, homogeneous groups of municipalities due to the level of infrastructure and standard of living. The lack of consistency in the level of the dynamics of the development of infrastructure with the dynamics of the percentage of residents using the equipment was noted. A positive phenomenon is that the development of the sewage system in all three voivodships has a higher average rate than the average rate of the development of the water supply system. This is particularly important due to the significant underdevelopment of the sewage system in relation to the water supply system ...
Generated wastes require space and financial outlays on their proper storage and processing, whereas the lack of means usually leads to depositing wastes in places not meant for this purpose. Illegal dumping sites still emerge, despite introducing in Poland the obligatory (common) fee for collection and management of wastes and the obligatory establishing the Selective Waste Collection Points in each district. The aim of the work was conducting a detailed inventory of illegal dumping sites in the area of Olsztyn district (situated in the Silesia province, on the Krakow-Częstochowa Upland) and indicting the morphological composition of the wastes deposited in these places. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the morphological composition of illegal landfill sites situated in the analyzed district. The investigations located 28 illegal dumping sites, despite the fact that a Selective Municipal Waste Collection Point operates in the district area. The analysis of location, area, mass and composition of the wastes was conducted for each illegal landfill, according to the methodology developed for this purpose. Over a half of the illegal dumping sites was situated in the forest and on 4 of them the estimated mass of dumped waste exceeded 1Mg. Debris constitutes the highest proportion (21.8%) ...
The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of wastewater treatment at the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Wolbrom, to which predominantly domestic wastewater and industrial sewage flow. The assessment was made based on the analysis of the physical and chemical research results of raw and treated wastewater. The research was carried out in the period from January 2014 to December 2014. To perform the analysis of the treatment plant efficiency, four indicators of wastewater pollutants such as BOD5, COD, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were selected for further investigation. For each of the indicators degrees of reduction and coefficients of treatment plant operational reliability were calculated. The calculated degrees of reduction for each of the indicators were high and amounted to 99.0% for BOD5, 95.2% for COD, 91.0% for total nitrogen and 91.6%. for total phosphorus. These results prove the effective reduction in the amount of pollutants. The determined coefficients of treatment plant operational reliability were at a low level: BOD5 - 0.27, COD - 0.44, total nitrogen - 0.33 and total phosphorus - 0.53. The conducted analyses prove the effective operation of the treatment plant, which was confirmed by high efficiency of pollutants removal. ...
The municipal waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a given area. EU waste management principles were defined in the Waste Framework Directive 75/442/EEC. A transfer station is a building or processing site for the temporary deposi-tion of waste. Transfer stations are often used as places where local waste collection vehicles will deposit their waste cargo prior to loading it into larger vehicles. The primary reason for using transfer station is to reduce the cost of transporting waste to disposal facilities. There are many countries in Europe using this solution in waste management system, for example: Germany, Belgium, Austria, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland. Waste transfer stations play there an important role in a community's total waste management system, serving as the link between a community's solid waste collection program and a final waste disposal facility. In Poland only several waste transfer stations exist, but none of them fulfils the role like this station located in EU or United States of America. This article includes characteristics and role of solid waste transfer stations (located mainly at rural area) in waste management systems.
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The Białka stream is a tributary to the Biała river with a basin area of 31.4 km2. In its upper course the catchment is situated on the south-eastern slopes of the Beskid Śląski Mountains. The research was conducted was to compute the area of the Białka river upper catchment limited by a planned dam. The area computations were conducted automatically by GPS device (GARMIN GPS map 76S) from the recorded trace which proceeded along the catchment boundaries. The catchemnt boundaries were marked by the watershed line passing through the highest peaks in this region: Szyndzielnia (1023 m a.s.l.). Klimczok (1117.0 m a.s.l) and Magura (1115.0 m a.sl) and the site of the planned retention reservoir. The conducted measurements comprised the surface leveling of the catchment fragment. The measurement was made using GPS technology for determining location points, whereas the altitudes of points were determined by GPSmap 76S built-in altimeter. The digital barometrical altimeter was calibrated each time prior to measurements to known points of the base line. The points were recorded automatically with time interval of every 10 seconds, whereas the characteristic points were recoded using MARK functions and a description was added. The data was elaborated initially using Trip ...
Civilizational development of the rural areas makes at these areas specific environmental problems that were recognized as a problems of urbanization and industrialization in cities. Agricultural and food industry generate each year 10 million Mg of waste in Poland. It isn't possible to unequivocally define the weight of waste which are generated in agriculture and food industry. Many of the waste owners give these waste to treatment and disposal as a municipal waste. In the result, they don't pay product fee or recycling fee and they don't make an annual report about waste.We should developed a new method for gather information about the quan-tity and quality of waste to characterize the solid waste management in the agri-cultural sector and food industry. This article contains a questionnaire - "waste card". It can be used to characterize the mass and composition of waste generated in the agricultural sector and food industry. Person which will complete "waste card" (farmer or businessman) gives the name of waste, place of generating, weight, dimensions, mass calculated per unit of reference (year, area, etc.) and the way in which waste is treated by him. Respondent usually receives a list of expected waste (from researchers) to make this ...
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the mixture of many waste types, including organic waste (garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste, paper and cardboard etc.). Such waste creates a living environment for various microorganism species, many of which are known as pathogenic. The presence of microorganisms in favorable conditions (pH, organic matter content, carbon content, moisture, appropriate granulation) leads to decomposing of organic matter, which is accompanied by an increase in temperature. Microorganisms in waste pose a serious risk for staff operating at waste treatment plants. Moreover, heat released by their activity may cause a fire in waste storage facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to search for methods of waste stabilization and hygienization. The most commonly applied technology for waste stabilization is its processing in Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plants. Such treatment is capital- and time-consuming, however. Waste liming can become an alternative method for stabilization and hygienization of waste. Lime addition is one of the oldest method known by humans for hygienization of certain waste materials, such as animal waste. Currently, liming is applied in sewage sludge treatment as one of the initial operations and is necessary for further sludge management processes. The aim of the research ...
