The cost estimation is the basic tool for assessing resources. Correct estimation of costs in the field of hazardous waste management improves the decision-making process in various aspects of the service - including contracts for waste collection, developing waste management strategies and plans. The subject of the analysis were general costs from rural commune for the management of medical and veterinary waste in 2013-2017. Data were collected on: mass of hazardous and veterinary waste, costs related to their transport and management, and subsidies from the commune budget. The analyzed data came from the institutions producing, receiving and subjecting medical and veterinary waste to management (thermal utilization) and from the Public Information Bulletins. Analysis of the presented data also indicates an annual 9% increase in expenses incurred for the management of medical waste and veterinary waste. ...
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the mixture of many waste types, including organic waste (garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste, paper and cardboard etc.). Such waste creates a living environment for various microorganism species, many of which are known as pathogenic. The presence of microorganisms in favorable conditions (pH, organic matter content, carbon content, moisture, appropriate granulation) leads to decomposing of organic matter, which is accompanied by an increase in temperature. Microorganisms in waste pose a serious risk for staff operating at waste treatment plants. Moreover, heat released by their activity may cause a fire in waste storage facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to search for methods of waste stabilization and hygienization. The most commonly applied technology for waste stabilization is its processing in Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plants. Such treatment is capital- and time-consuming, however. Waste liming can become an alternative method for stabilization and hygienization of waste. Lime addition is one of the oldest method known by humans for hygienization of certain waste materials, such as animal waste. Currently, liming is applied in sewage sludge treatment as one of the initial operations and is necessary for further sludge management processes. The aim of the research ...
The article describes the effect of substrate roughness on the generation of air flow resistance and the occurrence of kinetic friction. These are the two main factors influencing reduction in wind speed, lack of ventilation in built-up areas, and stagnation of pollution over areas with high substrate roughness. The work presents the results of the authors' own measurements in the field, carried out using WindLog and CHY 361 anemometers, in two different types of atmospheric conditions - sunny and rainy weather. The measurements were taken on a stretch of the Rudawa River, located on the Cracow city limits. Wind speed was measured at all established measurement points. The immediate surroundings of the points varied in terms of how densely the areas were built up. The effect of changes in the shape and equivalent diameter of the measurement profile on the magnitude of flow resistance and friction was also tested. The results of the study indicate that the best type of arrangement for buildings around the valley of the Rudawa River is a latitudinal configuration. The lack of buildings on the path along which the airstream flows creates suitable conditions for ventilation of the city, and thus for clearing the air ...
