Waste management is a section of technical infrastructure which is often called public utilities determining the sanitary and ecological level of rural areas. Wastes appear everywhere - on wastelands, by field roads, in the roadside ditches and drainage ditches, in parks and forests, and often also in the farmsteads. Growing rate of waste production, particularly indecomposable ones, poses two basic problems which must be solved by the self-government authorities in the commune: developing a system of waste collection and methods of their disposal. The first involves educational and organizational issues. The second problem is far more difficult to solve because a method or methods should be selected for managing municipal wastes. A most common method which must be usually applied in any conditions is waste deposition on controlled landfill site. The article presents the state of waste management in the Gródek nad Dunajcem commune and suggests some improvements to the situation. While presenting solutions applied by the commune attention was focused on ecological and economic advantages connected with upgrading the existing programme of waste management. The present system was evaluated on the basis of legal acts currently in force on developing solid waste management programmes, the amount ...
Waste management is one of the main priorities of the state ecological policy. Therefore the law on wastes which came into force in 2001 estabishes the terms of waste management to guarantee protection of human life and health, but also to ensure protection of the natural environment according to the rule of sustainable development. Pursuant to the act, plans of waste management were developed at each level of public administration. According to these plans wastes were divided into two main groups: wastes generated in the municipal sector and in the economic sector. A quantitative analysis of municipal wastes was conducted in the paper by comparing the amounts estimated on the basis of indices of generating waste streams with real waste quantity collected in 5 rural districts of the malopolskie province. The analysis revealed that estimated amounts of wastes fluctuated between 812.5 and 1614.3 Mg∙year-1, whereas the quantities of collected wastes ranged between 180.5 and 580.8 Mg∙year-1.The difference between the estimated and real amount in these districts was on average 986.2 Mg ∙year-1. Similar divergences were observed while analyzing unit amounts of wastes per one inhabitant. The value computed on the basis of indices was 223.59 kg∙M-1∙year-1, which in comparison with ...
Current state of municipal waste management in Poland has been established during the last 50 years. Unfortunately, except the last 10 years this period in the Central and Eastern Europe was characterized by gross negligence in all branches of economy, including also carelessness in the sphere of waste management, the results of which have been intensifying and will be perceived for many years. The changes which in Western Europe occurred after the Second World War stimulated progressive technological development and simultaneous cultural development. In Poland the systemic transformations after 1989 happened rapidly, which led to a tremendous increase in consumption and in turn raised the amount of generated municipal wastes. In near future Polish legal system will have to adjust to the regulations in force in the European Union. In the area of municipal economy one of the most important regulations is the Directive of the Council of Europe No. 99/31/WE dated 26 April 1999 on waste deposition. The directive requires reduction of the contents of biodegradable substances deposited on municipal landfill sites. According to article 18 par. 1 of the directive, municipal wastes, which undergo biodegradation and are brought to the landfills after 1 May 2009 must be reduced ...
A total activity cycle of all municipal landfill sites operated in the malopolskie province was assessed in the paper using a variant method. For this purpose, two prognoses of municipal waste generation were developed for the 2008-2048 time horizon, which allowed to assesses the quantity of generated waste stream. Subsequently, various scenarios related to the management of the waste stream in the adopted time horizon were prepared. The suggested scenarios: status quo (SQ), realistic (REAL) and optimistic (OPT) determined the possibilities for various strategies (policies) of recovery and disposal of wastes, primarily based on various methods of their recycling, composting and deposition. On this basis the amount of municipal wastes sent to landfills was assessed. The quantities of wastes deposited on landfills were computed considering waste residues from individual technologies. While working on the scenarios , the authors were guided by the ways of municipal waste stream management used in the EU-15 countries and by the assumptions resulting from documents on the startegies of waste management. Analysis of landfill activity cycle revealed an alarming situation connected with fast filling up of the existing landfills in the malopolskie province. This situation concerns all scenarios, both for prognosis I and II. Reduction ...
The article addresses the issue of dwellers’ share in financing tasks real-ized by communes. Attention was focused particularly on potential use of self-imposed taxation of the commune dwellers and providing the rules of their volun-tary participation in the costs of the enterprise. The Author analyzed the theoreti-cal problem of self-imposed taxation and presented a review of judicial decisions made by the administrative courts whether the resolutions concerning the local communities voluntary financial involvement were taken by the local government in compliance with the law. The article aimed at recognizing selected issues associated with the dwell-ers’ voluntary participation in realization of the communal tasks, particularly those in the area of natural environment protection. The means acquired through obligation to make payments for their commune, assumed voluntarily by the com-mune dwellers is a difficult problem and the difficulty involves not only meeting the formal and legal requirements. The analysis of cases of waste management costs co-financing by the commune inhabitants, or constructing the infrastructure elements for environmental protection allows for a conclusion that the commune authorities approach the problem wrongly and act contrary to the legal provisions trying to introduce obligation instead of creating a climate favouring the endeav-ours through shaping ...
The municipal waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a given area. EU waste management principles were defined in the Waste Framework Directive 75/442/EEC. A transfer station is a building or processing site for the temporary deposi-tion of waste. Transfer stations are often used as places where local waste collection vehicles will deposit their waste cargo prior to loading it into larger vehicles. The primary reason for using transfer station is to reduce the cost of transporting waste to disposal facilities. There are many countries in Europe using this solution in waste management system, for example: Germany, Belgium, Austria, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland. Waste transfer stations play there an important role in a community's total waste management system, serving as the link between a community's solid waste collection program and a final waste disposal facility. In Poland only several waste transfer stations exist, but none of them fulfils the role like this station located in EU or United States of America. This article includes characteristics and role of solid waste transfer stations (located mainly at rural area) in waste management systems.
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Among solid wastes one may distinguish mixed wastes, segregated wastes (collected selectively) and biodegradable wastes originating from open-air markets, green areas or cemeteries. Mixed wastes have constituted the largest proportion in the stream of municipal solid waste (MSW), both before and after the changes in waste management system in Poland introduced on 1 July 2013. The other group, regarding the collected wastes volume, is so-called segregation. It has been forecasted that in the nearest future the amount of segregated wastes will be successively growing. The article presents the analysis of selectively collected wastes (paper, plastics, glass and metal) indicators from lower administrative units of Liszki and Mogilany communities. The degree of segregated wastes accumulation efficiency was assessed on the basis of conducted computation. The communities selected for the analysis are suburban municipalities, situated in the area of Krakow agglomeration in the immediate vicinity of the main city of the Malopolskie voivodeship.The main aim of the work was an assessment of selective accumulation of municipal solid wastes in suburban communities. Values of quantitative indices, characterizing mixed and segregated municipal solid waste generated by the inhabitants of individual lower administrative units of the studied communities were subjected to a detailed ...
Illegal waste deposition in places unadapted for this purpose poses a hazard to the natural environment. Each year over 10 000 illegal dumping sites are liquidated in Poland. The areas where illegal landfills occur are most frequently situated in the vicinity of waste management plants, wastelands, roadsides, byways or unfenced private plots (particularly on the city outskirts), forests and water courses. Despite of the changes introduced in recent years in the system of municipal solid waste management in Poland, which in the first place aimed to prevent formation of illegal dumps, such places still arise causing pollutant emission into the atmosphere. The aim of the paper was conducting an analysis of the existing illegal dumping sites in Krosno commune (Podkarpackie voivodship). The investigations were conducted along the selected stretches of the Wisłok and Lubatówka rivers. The analyses were carried out in three measurement series during the period from March to October 2014. As results from the analyses, new illegal dumping sites arise all the time in the water courses in Krosno city and a majority of them can be easily identified in this area. Glass and plastics have the biggest share in the morphological composition of the waste deposited on ...
During the conducted study, 18 objects of illegal dumping of waste were inventoried. All inventoried objects are located in the north-west part of the Barlinek municipality. Each found illegal landfill was measured with measuring tape and its length, width and height of the deposited waste was recorded. For each location, percentage content of waste deposited, as well as its surface area and volume were calculated. All located waste landfills were divided into spot waste landfills, multi-point landfills, area landfills and linear landfills. Spot landfill is the dominant type of illegal waste landfills 12 objects, multi-point landfills were found in three locations and area landfills in two locations. Only one linear landfill was located. Waste disposal sites were located at different distance from residential areas. It has been determined, that the formation of illegal waste landfills is very often linked to the ease of availability of the local residents to the locations of waste disposal in the form of access roads or good location of the site. It has been determined, that despite the reforms of the waste management, abandonment of waste on undesignated sites is still observed - at six places the new wastes has been added after the 4 ...
The aim of the analysis is to pointed out the areas in the ornamental plant production sector where some activities can be undertaken to prevent environment and natural recourses. In this paper some area of ornamental production with high impact on environment are indicate by a number index and possibilities to reducing this pressure are also pointed out. These are areas with intensive production under protection where great amount of fossil fuels are used to heat greenhouses or plastic tunnels and electricity used for supplementary lighting, areas of container plant production where intensive irrigation and fertilizing is needed, and area of field production with a high pressure on the soil. Estimating results shows that only heating of protected area used yearly 490 thousand tons of coal, 170 thousand ton of heating oil and 15,7 million m3 of natural gas. Apart from that, ornamental sector generate considerable amount of organic and nonorganic waste and also consuming 274,5 thousand m3 of sphagnum peat every year as one of the main component of a growing medium. ...
Chitosan based hydrogels due to their specific properties and structure belong to the group of materials widely used in medicine. They are used as drug carriers with controlled release of active substances and in the preparation of innovative wound dressings. The main aim of the conducted research was the choice of the most favorable parameters for carrying the cross-linking reaction by means of UV radiation and microwaves. Subsequently, an adequate composition of the mixture containing chitosan and gelatin for further modification of such prepared the polymer matrix with Aloe vera extract was selected. Subsequently, an impact of introduction of Aloe vera extract into hydrogel on its physicochemical properties and structure was determined. The scope of the research included the measurement of swelling abilities of hydrogels in distilled water and selected simulated body fluids as well as incubation studies aimed at determination of tendency of prepared materials to degradation in previously mentioned fluids and their compatibility in relation to such environments. In order to characterize the chemical structure of the polymers and impact of incubation on this structure spectroscopic analysis was performed. Microscopic analysis was used to define the surface morphology of the hydrogels. Moreover, materials containing Aloe vera extract ...
The work analyzed the functioning of the existing logistics system in the field of packaging waste management in the urban-rural commune of Wadowice. The analysis was carried out taking into account the efficiency of the planning, execution and monitoring processes of the packaging waste stream. In order to collect the material for research, mainly the available documentation in the resources of territorial self-government units, interviews carried out in logistic enterprises involved in the waste collection and transport system from the surveyed area and interviews conducted with the inhabitants of the commune (waste producers) were based. The research was carried out in 2013-2016. The results of the tests were tabulated, presented graphically and basic statistical measures were calculated. The obtained results allowed to evaluate the logistic processes carried out in the aspect of packaging waste management in the studied commune. The selective collection points of municipal waste were mainly collected in multi-material packaging waste, plastic packaging and mixed packaging. The percentage of packaging recovered by organized occasional collections was negligible. ...
The aim of the paper was to examine the methods of disposal and management of selected packaging waste used by the residents of Wadowice County. Packaging, based on its function, can be made of different materials, which may make its correct segregation more difficult. This may influence the way the consumer manages of packaging waste. The study was carried out in 5 rural municipalities in Wadowice County in the period of 2015- 2017. The scope of the study included different types of packaging: plastic, metal, paper and cardboard, glass, wood and multi-material. An anonymous survey was the research tool employed in the study. The paper showed a correlation between people interested in getting back a deposit for returnable glass packaging and actions taken in the scope of waste segregation. ...
Some practices such as fertilisation and pesticide use are carried out in order to obtain high yields in agricultural production. However, as a result of these practices, agricultural pollutants may occur as a result of incorrect agricultural practices. Problems such as water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution, nutrient imbalance, salination in soils, eutrophication in waters, beneficial microorganisms in soils and damage to human and animal health occur due to faulty fertilisation and pesticide applications, misuse of agricultural soils, and inaccuracies in the disposal of plastic wastes. In this study, the literature on agricultural polluting factors was examined and it was aimed to raise awareness about agricultural pollution by explaining the harms of agricultural polluting factors to the environment and the health of living beings and by trying to offer solutions. Within the scope of this targeted awareness, this study; It is aimed to raise the awareness of producers in future production processes and to provide a stepping stone for scientific studies on this subject. ...
Despite the introduction of a common and uniform system of fees for the collection and management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) throughout Poland, new illegal waste dumping sites continue to be created in areas not designated for this pur-pose. The main aim of the work was focused on determine the material composition of the waste deposited (and found) on these wild dumping sites in the Trzebinia commune, as well as to conduct a spatial inventory of these locations. The aim was ac-complished through the use of a specialized questionnaire. In to-tal, 21 illegal dumpling sites were identified, despite the fact that the Municipal Waste Selective Collection Point (PSZOK) is available in the commune. The majority of these illegal landfills were found in areas covered with trees (30.8%) and bushes (42.3%). None of the illegal landfills contained more than 1 Mg of MSW. The average weight of waste deposited in illegal land-fills was 98.5 kg per site. The largest proportion of waste found at these illegal sites consisted of demolition and construction waste, such as rubble (34.3%) as well as plastic waste (32.9%). The share of rubble and construction waste increased with dis-tance from buildings. Only four of the twenty-one illegal ...
