Zeszyt: 2008, vol. 5 / 03
The paper attempts at evaluating the influence of certain factors (slope gradients and the length of fields, the granulometric composition of soil, the existence of terraces, and the ploughing direction) on the intensity of water erosion (annual soil losses) determined with the USLE method, exemplified by a mountain village of Konina. Konina is situated on the northern slopes of the Gorce Mountains (the range of the Western Beskidy Mountains) in the communes of Niedźwiedź, at about 500 – 1200 metres above sea level. This area is dominated by brown soils formed from sedimentary rocks (sandstones, mudstones, marls) with a clay soil texture: silty clay loam, silty clay, clay loam. Average annual temperature ranges between 6–8oC, precipitation – between 850-950 mm. The intensity of erosion was examined for arable lands, which constitute 63% of all agricultural lands. Arable fields are situated in areas where the slope gradient ranges between 0-5%, at the bottom of the Konina river valley and on mountain ridges, to 40% on steep slopes. The majority of fields are characterised by short slope lines, 10–30 metres on average, 100 metres at the most. The article distinguishes 4 land erosion models, for which regression equations have been calculated. The ...
Changes in ground beetles assemblage structure in relation to bankfull discharge in mountain stream have been tested. The research was performed in one of the Polish Carpathian streams in the Gorce Mountains region: the Ochotnica Stream. As the index of determination of bankfull volume the size of terrestrial invertebrates (carabids) was advocated which were present in the investigated research cross-section and were resistant to specific water discharge conditions. Redundancy analysis shoved that only variation of community biomass depended on frequency of changing water discharge. Distribution of mean abundance in body length classes is unimodal for upper benches meanwhile on the lowest bench abundance decreased linearly. This parameter can be used in practice as a good indicator of bankfull discharge on mountain streams. The need of fluvial processes in conservation approach for riverine communities is discussed. ...
The article presents results of analysis and their discussion concerning operation of sewage from butchery of pigs pretreatment plant in Gruszów in Pałecznica commune. Additionally, construction of the mentioned pretreatment plant was discussed, for authors of its idea and project are Ph.D. eng. Marian Długosz and Ph.D. eng. Piotr Bugajski. The aim was to solve three problems: to regulate high disproportion of outflowing sewage, to reduce amount of pollutants contained in sewage and to prevent them from rotting. The research included regulation of sewage outflow put evenly in time, physicochemical analysis (BOD5 and COD) of sewage before and after pretreatment plant and measurements of oxygen amount in outflowing sewage. The first object on the technological way is well with the sieve for solid parts, in which pollutants bigger than 5,0 mm are stopped. Next, sewage flows into the settling tank, in which inflammable pollutants sediment to the bottom, and afterwards sewage flows to the aeration chamber. In this chamber, process of sewage aeration (oxygenation) occurs. Oxygenated sewage flow into the grease trap, and next into the well, in which sewage separation occurs. Part of them goes into the living sewerage system, and next to the Bioblok PS-50 sewage treatment plant, ...
When compared to other countries of the EU, Poland is a country in which rural areas play special role. Nearly 40% of the population live in the country and rural areas cover more than 90% of the country's territory. People employed in agriculture make more than 20% of the whole workforce, so a few times more when compared to the EU. Simultaneously, farms are significantly smaller than in the „old’’ membership countries. A historical feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU has been presented in this work. The scope of the CAP reforms, as well as their influence on formation of the agricultural policy in Poland have been discussed. Both sources and level of subsidy costs to agriculture have been presented. Aid programmes for agricultural farms have been analysed, both the already realized and those which undergo implementation. The considerations were based on analysis of the newest documents and articles relating to the a.m. issues. Key words: Common Agricultural Policy of the EU, restructuring and modernization of agriculture, aid programmes, land merger ...
In the period of progressing process of national economy restructuring and dynamic development of private property the particularly important problem is the changes of individual economic entities behaviour. This kind of entities as the agricultural farms requires to take empiric diagnostic tests on which basis the development aims will be assumed, the control instruments and strategy methods leading for realization or assumed aims will be selected. The paper presents the essence, justification and purposefulness of the multifunctional development in rural areas of the świętokrzyskie voivodship. It points out benefits and emphasizes the problem complexity, indispensable means and the change of the rural areas function. The present function of the agricultural materials production has to be replaced by the population initiative and enterprise in service performance and organization, craft production and agrotourism. The article presents an analysis of the development of non-agricultural activities in private farming on the local scale. The analysis was designed to identify the main factors stimulating non-agricultural economic activities. The analysis has indicated that the concentration of non-agricultural activities depend on the size of the spatial system. Empirical research showed that non-agricultural activity in private farming influences the profitability of private farming and the income situation of ...
The investigations were undertaken because of an important role which necessary elements of technical infrastructure play in rural areas, conditioning a development of each economic activity, including providing services for tourists. The article presents the selected elements of municipal infrastructure in rural communes (house cross connections to sewer and water supply systems).The investigations covered rural communes of the malopolskie province, which were analyzed with respect to a tourist function which they may fulfill, estimated using Schneider and Defert indicators. An attempt was made to establish a relationship between the state of selected elements of technical infrastructure and the level of tourist traffic. The relationship may determine a given region, village attractiveness or unattractiveness therefore decide about the chances or barriers to its further development. The data used in the paper come from The Main Statistical Office Regional Data Bank. A survey of water supply systems showed that not all communes had such cross connections. The highest number of cross connections per 100 houses were registered in the communes of Biały Dunajec, Poronin and Kościelisko. On the other hand the communes of Lubień, Ochotnica Dolna, Rzepiennik Stryżewski, Tokarnia and Trzciana did not have a single cross connection to water supply system. ...
The study presents cultural landscape development of Wiśniowa village, situated in Myślenice county, of Małopolska province in 1872–2006. The investigation of cultural landscape transformations within the space of 134 years was made on the basis of descriptive-tabular data of the former Austrian cadastre and of land and buildings registration presently operating in Poland. Conducted dynamic analysis of cultural landscape in four accepted for analysis periods of time revealed diverse tendencies and directions of changes. Spatial comparison of the cultural landscapes boundaries location between cadastral maps at scales 1 : 2880 and 1 : 2000 served as a supplement for size investigation of originated changes. Comparative analysis of the cultural landscapes boundaries location on those maps was possible thanks to the transformation of the cadastral system to the national system 1965 which was made in this study. Investigation carried out with analytical – cartographic method not only revealed the size and the direction of changes in cultural landscape but at the same time located these changes in the space of Wiśniowa village. ...
In papers is presented scheme, which is applied to qualification of rural roads. For each road section was very important renovation order. Presented method contains rules of defining this order. This is known problem in Poland, quality of rural roads is not suitable to farmers needs. Roads are to narrow. The road cover ignores, that new farmer's machines are big, wide and very heavy. New farmer's machines destroy roads. Bad situation in polish transport infrastructure is the result of fragmented agriculture structure. Small farms that produce only themselves or for local market do not need modern transportation road net. For the areas of big state farms was built new separated roads net. Modernization of rural areas plans, in particular agriculture modernization, this is a possibility of road's renovation. The complexity renovation is impossible, what due to financial aspects. It would be necessary to prepare road's qualification and renovation order. The presented scheme of quality rural roads analyze contains GIS-based and planning methods, field study and wide social consulting. Results of that scheme can be used to optimal employing of funds. ...
This paper refers to the question of valuation of changes to spatial structure of agricultural land that takes place as a result of land consolidation activities. Valuation of effects of land consolidation may be takes from different points of view. Valuation presented in this article is in relation to analysis of the effects of changes to transportation network resulted from land consolidation and influence on the said changes on operating of agricultural households. Presented here are proposed methods enabling for determining the accessibility of land plots to transportation network as well as calculation of changes to lengths of access roads between household dwellings and land plots being part of them. The results of calculation are presented based on selected holding in Lipnica Wielka village in Orawa district, where land consolidation process was completed in 2007. ...
Authors, in their work, raise problems of countrysides development. It is hard to speak aobout economic development of regions without saying nothing of its environmetal effects. Taking advantages of environmental resources in rational way will assure the right heritage to the future generations, so that they could live normally. One of ways of rational taking advantages of environmental resources is using of renewable energy sources, which cannot compete with conventional energy sources because of long standing goverment policy, but development of using of renewable energy sources is extremly important for the sake of natural resources not only In our country but also on the whole world. ...
Surveys of land configuration agricultural plots in Filipowice were carried out on the basis of the data obtained from a numerical map and the computer program. This procedure to a large degree had an influence on both acceleration and cutting of labour intensity of the surveys. All agricultural plots which belong to the farms situated in Filipowice were taken into consideration by the surveys in order to assess both their basic land configuration parameters and cultivation costs. ...
In the article they were showed the results of investigations concerning on the possibilities of taking up the oroecological actions – carried out among ninety private enterprises (of random choice) leading their activity on the area of six communes in the Podkarpackie province. Owners of investigational subjects expressed opinions about creating of economical and ecological centres, introducing of innovational and proecological solutions in production, organization and management and also about using the renewal sources of energy and possibilities of use of EU means. The results of investigations were showed that near to 80% of investigational owners of small firms are indicating on the need of starting of Innovation Centre realizing an economical and ecological actions, so majority of them are interested in using of new ways of financing support of economical activity than using the renewal sources of energy. So above 60% of investigational enterprises were indicated on the need of carrying out of repair of warm system in firm, where the renewal sources of energy will be the main material. On the other hand is be anxious the low activity in gaining of EU means for proecological investments. The lack of knowledge about economical effects, low acvtivity of commune ...
The aim of the research was defining temperature changes of sewage in sewerage system and in open biological reactor under the influence of atmospheric air temperature. The literature connected with sewage treatment doesn’t give unequivocal information regarding influence of air temperature on sewage temperature in the canalisation. Some authors claim that such a relationship doesn’t occur. The research carried out on the area of sewage treatment plant in Koszyce commune showed, that important relationship exists between mean daily atmospheric air temperature (tair) and mean daily temperature of sewage in sewerage system (tsew). This relationship may be with high accuracy (R2=0,78, p<0,001)described by a cubic polynomial equation: tsew = -0,0011·(tair)3 + 0,0232·(tair)2 + 0,3704·tair + 9,0554. In the research period, mean daily temperature of sewage in sewerage system was going under big fluctuations, from 6,35 to 17,56°C. Changes of sewage temperature in the collector during the day ranged between 0,35°C and 4,60°C. In the winter period, with mean daily air temperature under 5°C, sewage temperature in the canalisation lowered under 10°C, reaching its minimal value of 5,37°C. In biological reactor, which was built as a reinforced concrete open reservoir, mean daily sewage temperature ranged between 5,68 and 21,04°C. Whereas in the ...
The subject of research were tourist infrastructure facilities in mountain rural areas in Poland. The area covered by the investigations was composed of a total of 50 communes located in four provinces (dolnośląskie, śląskie, malopolskie and podkarpackie). The state of the analysed area management for tourism was assessed on the basis of 29 diagnostic features using the multicriterial analysis. The data characterizing individual phenomena were collected during two periods, i.e. in 2005 and 2007. They originated from various sources including data base of regional branches of the Central Statistical Office (GUS) and from survey studies conducted in the above mentioned years in communal offices, supplemented by the data from websites of the studied communes. The analysis was conducted to assess the state of tourist infrastructure facilities in a selected area, as well as the strength and directions of changes in this respect. Conducted analysis revealed a considerable diversification of communes in respect of tourist infrastructure facilities. In 2007 the best situation was registered in Krynica-Zdrój, whereas the Dobra commune was the most poorly managed in consideration of the above mentioned facilities. Also changes occurring on the level of infrastructural management may be considered significant, particularly because of communes where the ...
Within Poland, there are many localities denoted as small towns. From the historical point of view, political, social and economic needs were always the prime power that impacted the foundation of towns. In order to receive the status of a town, it was necessary to initiate the procedures aiming at receiving a particular location and special municipal rights, and to get a right to perform particular administration functions. There were several factors considered to be prime power generating the creation of such units within a settlement network; those factors were: town’s defences, trade, agricultural development (private towns), industrial development, large-scale exploitation of raw materials, formation of large interchanges, spa and recreational qualities of the region where a particular town was situated. Depending on the political situation and economic climate, the position of those towns within the settlement network underwent various changes. Urbanization processes were decisive. They strongly stimulated the development, and when they ceased, the stagnation occurred and, in some case, it caused such towns to move back and to become demoted to the level of a village. Lipnica Murowana was located in the 14th century according to the German Magdeburg Law and possessed the municipal rights for more than ...
In the world professional literature can find many formulae and the nomograph using to apprise of sediment trap efficiency of water reservoirs. Sediment trap efficiency of water reservoirs, introduces in the form of nomograph or formulae, is defined in the function of the coefficients which they are the most often: capacity- inflow ratio – C/I and capacity-watershed ratio – C/W. The reservoir sediment trap efficiency is determined from Łopatin’s, Drozd’s, Karaušev’s, Brune’s formulae in dependence on the capacity-inflow ratio. The C/W ratio is used methods of Brune-Allen’s, Brown’s and Gottschalk’s. Churchill defined the reservoir sediment trap efficiency in function of sedimentation index. Qualification of sediment trap efficiency of small water reservoirs creates considerable difficulties, because the majority of existing formulae and nomograph using to apprise of sediment trap efficiency was worked out in the result of the investigations of large and middle water reservoirs. The results of real sediment trap efficiency of the small water reservoir βrz in the following years of operation were introduced in this work. Sediment trap efficiency was qualified on the basis of several the measurements of silting and on the basis of calculations of the quantity of suspended sediment delivered to the water reservoir. The ...
Rural areas are of great importance both for the natural environment and for economic life in Poland. Increasingly greater importance is assigned to their non-agricultural functions, such as: residential function, water management, regeneration of people’s strength and health, conservation of the natural environment, forestry, etc. The necessity for reconstruction of farming structures, regulation of processes related to the circulation of water and water erosion, and the need to protect water resources and natural biocenoses, will require formulation of a new usage model in those areas, and introduction of thorough changes in the area of agricultural management. Poland’s accession to the European Union in 2004 has allowed for taking long-term, very costly but necessary actions implementing the most important general social objectives, such as flood prevention and regulation of water relations, protection of the resources and valours of the natural environment and its partial renaturalization, shaping of the required climatic and landscape advantages of the rural areas, extension of the agricultural function of farms (apart from manufacturing activities) with ecological activities (related to conservation and protection), as well as conservation of cultural and ethnographic properties of the rural areas. Due to organizational reasons and their pro-social nature, such activities should be ...
The paper presents a preliminary assessment of the influence of chosen natural-agricultural elements (concerning soils, agroclimate, forests’ neighbourhood) on the value of arable lands. The review of the above mentioned parameters and their effect on the increase or decrease of the yields of agricultural plants has also been presented. The author proposed coefficients correcting the basic value of ground plots, established by the mixed approach method with the use of valuation indices comprising: degree of soil compactness, degree of soil culture, water conditions and erosion hazard (k1 to k4), unfavourable agroclimatic conditions (k5) and neighbourhood of woods (k6). The corrective coefficients to the formula of the arable land value (Wgo) depend on soil classes (and attached to them standard parameters) and they range, for various soil features, from –0,10 per one degree of erosion hazard to 0,05 per one degree of soil compactness, soil culture, or per one group of water conditions categories. For the agroclimate they range depending on the type of plants, from –0,18 do 0,and for various conditions of forest neighbourhood with arable lands from –0,30 to 0,07. Basic data concerning natural – agricultural features of arable lands, except for reviews and land investigations, can be obtained ...
