The article addresses the most important issues of the mass service theory (queuing theory) useful for organization of municipal waste transfer stations. In modern waste management transfer stations (temporary waste deposition sites) are a most important issue, since they influence the way of waste transport to further distances and at lower costs. All elements composing the transfer station are interrelated by a technological process. The work aims highlight a potential utilization of queuing theory as a tool make more efficient the work at a transfer station. Examples of queues which happen at transfer stations were analyzed to illustrate the problem. Hypothetical data were used for computations. The article presents also the most important terms connected with transfer stations and an outline of queuing theory in its queuing theory in its aspect serviceable in the organization of work at municipal waste transfer stations. The input data assumed for the project, comprised mainly the waste quantity produced in the subsequent years of the transfer station operation (15-20 years), mean generated wastes (kg per person per day), the area serviced by the station (the number of inhabitants), mean rate of waste generation (tone per day) and also data pertaining to the current operation ...
The information access stipulates the quality of life of modern man. Inter-net is becoming a main data source. The internet network access for inhabitants of rural areas in many cases is limited. Because of high costs of traditional cable network construction, the rural areas have not suitable infrastructure. A network of WiFi wireless technology is a chance to ameliorate this situation. Authors of this paper have analyzed possibilities of application GPS devices and GIS software for projecting the wireless internet network. A com-mune from the Silesia Region was a research area. Data were acquired with GPS technology. Authors have created digital maps of wireless internet coverage. This study can serve for the optimal arrangement of devices necessary for correct functioning of the wireless internet network. ...
Determining infrastructural potential of a municipality is possible by measuring a number of diagnostic features describing this potential in the municipality – the number of these variables depends mainly on the purpose of the analysis. 13 variables considered as diagnostic were used in this paper to illustrate diversification of agricultural infrastructure of farms on the municipality level. The set of these variables marks a point in the multidimensional space, which is characteristic for each investigated object but differentiating objects among themselves. The potential was estimated on the basis of synthetic measure of development which is an aggregate of diagnostic features. The computed synthetic index reduces multidimensional data to a single number and replaces the point in the multidirectional space by a point on an axis in one-dimensional space. The goal of the article is to show if the picture of a population of municipalities in their many dimensions and original shape seen through synthetic coefficient is similar to the original and whether the obtained one-dimensional distance properly reflects distances in the initial space of the studied infrastructure potential. In the presented work the information quality provided by the synthetic coefficient computed for the studied districts has been analysed using multidimensional ...
The paper presents an assessment of the influence of biological conditions for farming in selected agricultural districts on the quantity of basic and specialist means of production on farms described by many authors as agricultural infrastructure of these farms. The conditions of crucial importance for the method and results of farming are the indices of soil agronomic usability, size and agrarian structure and other natural conditions, e.g. agroclimate, area relief and aspect, water conditions, etc. Spatial analysis comprises spatial distribution of agricultural infrastructure potential as a synthetic index of development and subsequently, considering this index as a measure of development, determining a portion of groups similar considering soil quality and other biological conditions of agricultural management (spatial evaluation index). For comparison, technical infrastructure of agricultural holdings was characterized using aggregated synthetic index of many diagnostic features, whose construction bases on Hellwig development measure. Data for the analysis were taken from the results of Agricultural Census 2002 and data on agronomic usability of soils and biological framing conditions supplied by IUNG at Puławy. Proper technical infrastructure of agricultural holdings is one of more important factors affecting the character of agriculture. In many cases the infrastructure on farms of Polish villages is ...
Self-government organization started their chase after funds for infrastructural investments already several years ago. Each year a growing number of selfgovernments use the EU money accessible from various programmes and preaccession funds. However, their importance has grown since 2003 owing to radically increased amount of funding allocated for investments carried out by selfgovernments from means of coherence funds and equalization funds targeting particularly rural areas. The highest increase, exceeding 500 per cent was registered in rural minicipalities. More importantly not only the amount of obtained means increased but primarily the number of self-governments using the subsidies. The most serious hazard is connected with a group of municipalities which do not get any subsidies. It is due to problems they have with providing their own financial input, necessary for project application. No subsidies can be obtained if municipalities do not declare their own contribution. This leads to the outcomes contrary to the assumptions of the EU cohesion policy. Its main objective is equalizing development of all regions and not strengthening or increasing the differences. The analysis was conducted to seek correlations between the rate of development of infrastructure in the rural areas and selected budget ratios characterizing financial conditions of municipalities. ...
Apparent diversification of the malopolskie province area in respect of its topography and unequal financial resources at the disposal of individual communes and districts may determine the level of their infrastructure development. At present, when Poland became the European Union member state and entered its financing structures, spatial development of the infrastructural potential is affected by the activities of local self governments. Intensive development and modernization of infrastructure favour local concentration of communes with high values of the indicator. Technical infrastructure is an element strictly connected with space and its level is affected by social, financial and human factors, which provides a basis for an analysis of the influence of local spaces on its development or lack of it. In the article local diversification of communes was made using Local Moran’s Ii statistics. Local statistics my verify whether a commune is surrounded by neighbouring objects (communes) with similar or various values of analyzed variable in relation to random distribution of these values in space. It allows for identification of spatial effects of an agglomeration. Such analysis of local indicators of spatial association LISA was suggested by Anselin [Anselin 1995]. The article aims at presentation of local indicators of spatial dependencies ...
Autocorrelation is a branch of statistics dealing with an analysis of spatial data and with further description and investigation of spatial phenomena. Methods of spatial statistics are also called explorative spatial data analysis – ESDA. Spatial statistics are an efficient method to identify the dependence of individual phenomenon occurrence on geographical space. Measures of spatial autocorrelations show the dependence of variables in respect of spatial localization. Spatial correlation (positive autocorrelation) allows to determine that intensification of a given phenomenon is more perceivable in the adjoining objects than in located far away from one another. Two types of measures are used by spatial statistics: global and local measures. The Authors used a global measure to illustrate the spatial dependence of water supply and sewage disposal infrastructure occurrence. The global measure was computed using R CRAN program. The global measure of Moran’s I statistics was computed for various spatial weight matrices. The data for analysis, evidencing the state of water supply and sewage disposal infrastructure in 2005, were obtained from the Main Statistical Office in Krakow. Moran’s I statistics allows to identify global autocorrelation measures in spatial objects with reference to the assumed weight matrix. The global measure is a one number ...
Water surrounds us, it is the essential component of all living organisms and all the life on earth is inevitably connected with it. From times immemorial people used to settle close to water reservoirs (rivers, streams or lakes) aiming to have water resources and natural protection against attacks or wars, as well as abundance of food (fish). Only later paths joining subsequent villages changed into roads, small settlements became towns, which later turned into large city agglomerations which we know today. On the scale of Poland there are only several cities which are not situated close to rivers. These are: Katowice, Kielce, Koszalin, Leszno, Łódź, Radom, Siedlce and Wałbrzych. As far as their history is concerned these are relatively young cities and their establishment was conditioned by other factors. Currently they face grave problems of water deficiency. In cities the problem of water supply concerns mainly its purity, but in rural areas it is connected with considerable capital consumption because of greatly dispersed holdings. Formerly water had to be carried into houses in pots and subsequently a technical progress made possible its supply directly to households. This caused a rapid increase in water consumption. Further development through increasing the number ...
Problems of correct procedure of waste handling, their economic utilization and minimizing their harmful environmental effect belong to the most important issues of natural environment protection. Poland, which entered the socio-economic structures of the European Union in May 2004 must confront this problem through adjusting its waste management legislation including also the problems of municipal waste deposition. A failure to observe the EU provisions is connected with financial penalties. Therefore the work aims to present the most important elements of development of municipal waste management history from the viewpoint of waste deposition, discuss the most important aspects of municipal waste deposition and characterize the situation of municipal waste disposal in the malopolskie province. Only one municipal waste disposal technology, i.e. deposition has been presented in the paper because this particular technology poses the gravest hazards to the natural environment and moreover currently is has been the most popular in Poland. This form of waste disposal has been ascribed a great importance, especially because of the site selection. The development and current situation of legislation on municipal waste deposition were presented. The most important issues of waste deposition were addressed, and the situation of municipal waste disposal in the malopolskie province ...
Current state of municipal waste management in Poland has been established during the last 50 years. Unfortunately, except the last 10 years this period in the Central and Eastern Europe was characterized by gross negligence in all branches of economy, including also carelessness in the sphere of waste management, the results of which have been intensifying and will be perceived for many years. The changes which in Western Europe occurred after the Second World War stimulated progressive technological development and simultaneous cultural development. In Poland the systemic transformations after 1989 happened rapidly, which led to a tremendous increase in consumption and in turn raised the amount of generated municipal wastes. In near future Polish legal system will have to adjust to the regulations in force in the European Union. In the area of municipal economy one of the most important regulations is the Directive of the Council of Europe No. 99/31/WE dated 26 April 1999 on waste deposition. The directive requires reduction of the contents of biodegradable substances deposited on municipal landfill sites. According to article 18 par. 1 of the directive, municipal wastes, which undergo biodegradation and are brought to the landfills after 1 May 2009 must be reduced ...
Selection of localizations for municipal landfills belongs to complex multicriteria decision making problems. The paper presents a methodology developed for selecting localizations for municipal landfills based on Geographic Information System (GIS) technique coupled with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Joining these two methods makes possible incorporation of various quantitative and qualitative factors and solving the problem in a holistic way. GIS technique enables to include criteria resulting from the legal directives (so called rule-out criteria) and conducting spatial assessment in view of the area usability for waste deposition. In result we obtain areas suitable for waste deposition (predisposed) and the terrains where any localization of landfills is absolutely prohibited. AHP method was used to select the most suitable localization variant from the set of areas predisposed for waste deposition. For this purpose the structure of the task was presented as a developed hierarchy model with the scale of influence. Construction of the model required a proper selection of criteria and sub-criteria, and the scale of influence of individual sub-criteria on the considered localizations. Owing to the method of its construction the developed multi-criteria model with the scale of influence is a universal one and may be applied also for problems other ...
A total activity cycle of all municipal landfill sites operated in the malopolskie province was assessed in the paper using a variant method. For this purpose, two prognoses of municipal waste generation were developed for the 2008-2048 time horizon, which allowed to assesses the quantity of generated waste stream. Subsequently, various scenarios related to the management of the waste stream in the adopted time horizon were prepared. The suggested scenarios: status quo (SQ), realistic (REAL) and optimistic (OPT) determined the possibilities for various strategies (policies) of recovery and disposal of wastes, primarily based on various methods of their recycling, composting and deposition. On this basis the amount of municipal wastes sent to landfills was assessed. The quantities of wastes deposited on landfills were computed considering waste residues from individual technologies. While working on the scenarios , the authors were guided by the ways of municipal waste stream management used in the EU-15 countries and by the assumptions resulting from documents on the startegies of waste management. Analysis of landfill activity cycle revealed an alarming situation connected with fast filling up of the existing landfills in the malopolskie province. This situation concerns all scenarios, both for prognosis I and II. Reduction ...
The municipal waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (municipals waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes col-lected by a municipality within a given area. Amount of generated municipal wastes depends on many factors, which the most important are: life standard, population's rate and goods' consumption scale and intensity. The kind of wastes and its composition depend on the area where the wastes are generated, also depends on population density, buildings' types, objects of public utility, trade outpost magnitude and intensity of industry and services.The acquaintance of morphological composition of municipal waste permits on treat the decision about waste management, projection waste installation, bal-ancing the processes of classification and forecasting about quality of products from wastes.This paper shows several practical methodologies of investigation municipal wastes and norms in Poland.
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The municipal waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a given area. EU waste management principles were defined in the Waste Framework Directive 75/442/EEC. A transfer station is a building or processing site for the temporary deposi-tion of waste. Transfer stations are often used as places where local waste collection vehicles will deposit their waste cargo prior to loading it into larger vehicles. The primary reason for using transfer station is to reduce the cost of transporting waste to disposal facilities. There are many countries in Europe using this solution in waste management system, for example: Germany, Belgium, Austria, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland. Waste transfer stations play there an important role in a community's total waste management system, serving as the link between a community's solid waste collection program and a final waste disposal facility. In Poland only several waste transfer stations exist, but none of them fulfils the role like this station located in EU or United States of America. This article includes characteristics and role of solid waste transfer stations (located mainly at rural area) in waste management systems.
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Municipal waste management according to EU Directives means the gath-ering, collection, recovery, disposal and monitoring of their creation. The most important linking element in this system is a transport of wastes, mainly carried out through a specialized companies. In Poland, more than 70% costs of waste management system is generated by collection and waste transport from customer to disposal places [Tyc-Szmil 2003]. The effect of rising fuel prices, increased wages of drivers and loaders, is an increasing cost of waste management. A lot of eco-company have to optimize their transport logistics system to minimalizing of costs. To rationalize the transport system are used publicly available computer programs to optimize travel routes or the state fleet.In this paper authors formulation logistic problem of optimization the exist-ing waste transport system. The problem was solved using the developed model of decision-making structure. Authors conduct a spatial analysis of waste transport system for determine optimal collection sectors in the city, based on data collected about the waste transport logistics system in the company MIKI. The main aim of the optimization was to minimize the value of the garbage truck's courses [km] at a determining volume of solid waste collected.
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Sewage sludge, depending on its preparation and local conditions will still constitute waste material for storage or a product to be used in nature. Due to its fertilizer value, sludge originating from treatment process as its by-product may be used for fertilization or reclamation of green areas. Obviously, to be used in nature the sludge must be properly prepared in processes allowing for removal of toxic compounds, which might negatively affect the quality of crops cultivated on it.Rational agricultural production bases on observing rules to improve soil fertility and its productivity through application of proper cultivation measures, including mineral and organic fertilization. Soils of Poland usually reveal poor abundance in organic matter and when more demanding plants are cultivated in them, the amount of humus decreases rapidly and they become nutrient impoverished. Farmyard manure is the most popular organic fertilizer used in agriculture. After the year 1990 farmyard production declined considerably due to reduced animal production and the currently used doses are insufficient to obtain good yields. Therefore it is necessary to seek new alternative sources of organic matter which might be safely used as an alternative fertilizer.Alternatives to FYM fertilizers include various types of ...
Implementation of new provisions concerning road inventory imposes an obligation on Communal Units of Local Self-Government to create and keep Road Books. The regulations state the new scope and principles of keeping inventories of public roads and bridges. They change fundamentally the scope and degree of precision concerning description of data necessary for a road inventory. The information pertains to among others: road safety barriers and road acoustic screens, bus stop bays, exist and roadside objects, etc. Due to the required preciseness of detail of Road Books, one of the most labour consuming but most important stages in the process of creating, keeping and practical application of the inventory is the stage of collecting data on road technical parameters. The work presents the method of collecting and archivization of data on technical parameters of a road section using GPS technology, GIS and SIP software. The developed method allows for simple and fast acquisition, using MapSource programme functions, of necessary spatial information collected using GPS appliance and then process it to the required tabular format. The paper contains precise data of a road book creating and addresses some issues which have been omitted in the interpretation of the law. Irrespective of ...
Sewage treatment aims mainly at protection of the natural environment and primarily protection of surface water purity. Sewage treatment process is always accompanied by sewage sludge, which is defined an organo-mineral solid phase of sewage. Chemical composition of the sludge my be different depending on the kind of treated sewage and applied processing technologies. Sewage sludge constitutes about 2% of the total volume inflowing to sewage treatment plants. Construction of new sewage treatment plants and intensification of treatment process cause an increase in the amount of produced sewage sludge and raises its storage costs, which may be very high, reaching even 50% of total costs generated by a sewage treatment plant. An alternative for storing large amounts of sewage sludge may prove its natural utilization, which would also contribute to reduce costs born by sewage treatment plants. Some previous research has already demonstrated sewage sludge usability for the following purposes: reclamation of devastated lands, plant consolidation of ground surface or composting sewage sludge. However, agricultural utilization of sewage sludge still raises numerous controversies. It is due mainly to insufficient information about sewage sludge. However, research results convince that the problem of sewage sludge is worth ...
The amount of municipal wastes is growing every year and the negative social and environmental impacts became more severe. While integrating with the EU Poland was obliged to reach a 25% recycling level by 2007 and at least 55% level until 2014. Currently 25.6% wastes are recycled, which mainly results from segregation of processing wastes, withdrawing from use multi-use packaging and packaging originating directly from large retail outlets. Currently the recycling level of municipal wastes in Poland is 5.1%. About 1.5% is segregated from the mass of gathered mixed wastes. Poland will have to increase these levels in order to meet the EU requirements. The solutions adopted in the National Plan of Waste Management do not meet either the expectations of the society or local governments. Therefore, new methods of waste recycling should be sought. In the Scandinavian countries one of such methods is Communal Point of Selective Waste Accumulation, commonly known as “Recycling Centre”. The paper presents the methodology of selecting the localization for the “recycling centre” using GIS-based multicriteria analy-sis. The places were chosen on the basis of elaborated localization criteria indi-cating the excluded areas and the terrains predestined for the localization of a recycling centre. ...
Biogas, landfill gas originates from fermentation of organic compounds. The fuel contains between 30 and 70% of methane, between 30 and 60% CO2 and small amounts of other components, such as nitrogen, hydrogen or water vapour. Its fuel value oscillates around 17-27 MJ/m3. Biogas is widely used, mainly as a fuel for electricity generators, the source of energy for water heating and after cleaning and compressing also as a fuel for engines. It is manufactures mainly in small agricultural biogas plants. It is obtained by means of degassing post-landfill objects. The investigates conducted by the Authors aimed at determining the amount of biogas possible to obtain from typical fractions which occur in municipal wastes, i.e. potato peelings, cabbage leaves, vegetable peelings, citrus fruit and banana skins and animal wastes. The research considered six kinds of biowastes of plant origin and one control sample randomly mixed of all five kinds of wastes. The fractions were broken and liquefied to dry matter content of about 10%. Biogas was obtained through anaerobic fermentation process in a regulated temperature environment. A chamber with fixed temperature was used for this purpose (the temperature was set at c.a. 33oC – optimal for mesophilic methane bacteria) in ...
Inequality in saturation and spatial diversification of rural areas in respect of farm technical infrastructure development causes specific difficulties in planning the development of individual region in the scale of the whole country and in the scale of single provinces. The diversification, at the same strategies of development for the whole regions and macroregions, may cause even more differences in regional development. Presented estimation of technical infrastructure of farms will help launching a proper strategy of development for individual regions in order to equalize chances. A problem of communes' classification due to many features and indices which may describe the level of infrastructural saturation is a typical problem of multivariate comparative analysis. At this point a notion of taxonomic structure should be mentioned as a configuration of points of multidimensional space which is a set of objects characterized by means of various attributes. Finally, after initial verification of informative values of attributes, 13 indices describing technical infrastructure on farms were selected for analysis from the available set of diagnostic attributes.The assessment was made basing on a synthetic measurement of development which is an aggregate diagnostic attribute. Assuming in the conducted research that αj = 1, i.e. ...
Galvanic batteries and electric batteries which occur in large and smallsize forms are among the products which once run down become hazardous wastes, dangerous for the environment and human health. Constructed of highly processed materials, they contain harmful substances, such as lead, cadmium or mercury. Management of waste batteries is especially difficult due to the fact that they are present as sources of electricity in a variety of appliances used in many spheres of life. It leads to a considerable dispersion of places where wastes are generated and processed. A commonly used practice involves penetration of wastes, such as batteries and vehicle batteries, particularly small-size ones, into the municipal solid waste stream leading to their deposition on municipal landfills. It results in the extraction of hazardous substances by precipitation waters filtrating the soil mass into the underground waters leading to their dangerous contamination. On the other hand these wastes can be valuable secondary materials. Recycled they may provide the resources protecting natural deposits. Currently there are three main groups of chemical sources of electricity, used in almost all spheres of life: a) primary batteries and remaining secondary batteries, b) nickelcadmium, large and small-sized vehicle batteries, c) lead-acid vehicle batteries. The ...
Amount of generated municipal wastes depends on many factors, witch themost important are: life standard, population's rate and goods' consumption scaleand intensity.The kind of produced wastes depends on the area where the wastes aregenerated, population denisity, buldings' types, objects of public utility, trade outpostmagnitude and intensity of industry and services.In this paper there was verified dependence between municipal wasteproduction and one of the social-economic factor which is structure of economicactivity (by Polish Classification of Activity - PKD).The researches were conducted in communes of Malopolska Region. Theaverage amounts of produced wastes in different business communes's type andsignificance of differences among average were defined in the analysis.There was indicated that the biggest waste production (per capita) havecommunes, where the dominant business activities are financed (or insurance),transport or tourism. The least wastes are generating with construction, energeticand agriculture as the main economic activity. ...
The municipal waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes col-lected by a municipality within a given area. EU waste management principles were defined in the Waste Framework Directive 74/442/EWG. In 2007 in EU countries 261 Mio Mg waste (522 kg*(capita*year)-1) were generated. In Poland the production index was lower and came to 322 kg*(capita*year)-1. 179 communes of Malopolska were choused as the research area. Jenk's method (natural break algorithm, also known as the goodness of variance fit (GVF).) was used in the analysis. This method in the best way describes spatial data arrangement. The Jenks optimization method was used to classify features us-ing natural breaks in data values. It was used to minimize the squared deviations of the class means. Optimization was achieved when the quantity GVF was maxi-mized.There was made a spatial analysis of the waste production, numbers of inhabi-tants and population densities in Malopolska communes by means of GIS soft-ware. Based on the gotten results there were defined the average quantities of generated waste in the specified communes' classes. ...
