Correct functioning of sewage disposal and treatment systems depends prevalently on the proper design, construction and subsequent proper operation. In designing sewer systems the most important parameter affecting determination of pipe diameters is a reliable sewage volume, frequently determined per 1 inhabitant as a unit sewage outflow in dm3∙M-1∙d-1. The investigations were conducted to determine unit sewage outflows from rural sewerage system in Koszyce per year, with respect to individual months and days of the week in 2002-2005. The volume of sewage flowing out of sanitary sewer system in Koszyce was determined on the basis of measurement conducted on the supply canal to the sewage treatment plant in Włostowice. Koszyce municipality is situated in the malopolskie province, proszowicki poviat. Currently the sewer system in the municipality area is utilised by 1673 inhabitants. Sewage is discharged by 280 households. Mean daily sewage outflows (at the rainless weather) during the period of research fluctuated between 58.7 in 2005 and 75.1 dm3∙M-1∙d-1 in 2003. During the whole period of investigations mean unit outflow was 67.1 dm3∙M-1∙d-1, with standard deviation 11.5 dm3∙M-1∙d-1. and irregularity coefficient 1.34. The values of average unit sewage outflows in individual years corresponded to unit values of water consumption in ...
The article presents results of research concerns amount and remove indices of nitrogen and phosphate in domestic sewage treatment plant. Analysis sewage treatment plants are objects working with method of active sludge. The first sewage treatment plant Turbojet EP-4 was installed in Pałecznica in province małopolska. The treatment plant works for Primary schools where about 100 children and theaters’ house inhabited 6 people. Second sewage treatment plant is called Biocompact BCT S-12 and was installed in Rajbrot village near Lipnica Murowana. It takes sewage from schools and a teachers’ house inhabited 12 people. Analysis of results of research concern four years 1999-2003, and in this time took sewers flow to and flow in to sewage treatment plants. The results of research of sewer analyzed statistical for characterize size concentration total nitrogen and phosphates in sewer. In analysis introduce frequency relativity of occurrence concentration indices of biogenic indices in clean sewer. Additionally characterize size of reduction indices in clean process. Composition in flow to sewer was type for living sewer. Mean reduction of biogenic indices was for nitrogen and phosphates for two treatment plant 63,6% and 51,4%. Mean values total nitrogen and phosphates in sewer flow to treatment plant Turbojet EP-4 ...
mechanical-biological sewage treatment plat type ECOLO-CHEF located in commune Spytkowice. The object with project in flow sewers 300 m3·d-1, working on method of low loud active sludge with oxygen stabilization of excessive sediment. Including of sewage-system in commune Spytkowice take 12,4 km. With sewagesystem of using 1303 residents. Actual percent sewage-system is very small and take 13,8%. The research included sewers in flow to sewage treatment plant and clean sewers out flow in river from 01.01.2005 to 31.12.2005 years. The opinion of efficiency of sewage treatment plant matter went to reduction of five choice indexes of pollution i.e. BOD5, COD, total suspension, total nitrogen and total phosphates. The research proved that in flow to sewage of values individuals parameters depart from typical values in sewage from people. Affirmed low of value total suspension (120,28 mg·dm-3) compare with value 375 mg·dm-3 and BOD5 (225,25 mgO2·dm-3) compare with value 300 mgO2·dm-3 announcing in literature. Value of individual pollution in clean sewage with the exception of total phosphates, was far less from values in legislative documentation for sewage treatment plant. In total phosphates affirmed in half analysis exceed permissible of value 2,5 mgPog·dm-3. Permissible of value was exceed on average 62,8%. Exceed of ...
The aim of the research was defining temperature changes of sewage in sewerage system and in open biological reactor under the influence of atmospheric air temperature. The literature connected with sewage treatment doesn’t give unequivocal information regarding influence of air temperature on sewage temperature in the canalisation. Some authors claim that such a relationship doesn’t occur. The research carried out on the area of sewage treatment plant in Koszyce commune showed, that important relationship exists between mean daily atmospheric air temperature (tair) and mean daily temperature of sewage in sewerage system (tsew). This relationship may be with high accuracy (R2=0,78, p<0,001)described by a cubic polynomial equation: tsew = -0,0011·(tair)3 + 0,0232·(tair)2 + 0,3704·tair + 9,0554. In the research period, mean daily temperature of sewage in sewerage system was going under big fluctuations, from 6,35 to 17,56°C. Changes of sewage temperature in the collector during the day ranged between 0,35°C and 4,60°C. In the winter period, with mean daily air temperature under 5°C, sewage temperature in the canalisation lowered under 10°C, reaching its minimal value of 5,37°C. In biological reactor, which was built as a reinforced concrete open reservoir, mean daily sewage temperature ranged between 5,68 and 21,04°C. Whereas in the ...
The aim of the research was to evaluate the pollutants' concentration in the household sewage drained from the rural or rural-urban districts located in Lesser Poland Voivodeship. The research was based on the analysis of 140 raw sewage samples taken from 34 sewerage systems in the period of 2000-2009. Val-ues of five selected pollution indexes were analyzed: BOD5, COD, total suspended solids, general nitrogen and general phosphorus. The results were compared to the amounts presented in the common literature on the sewage treatment. The research showed that the average values of the pollution indexes in the household sewage drained from the rural and urban-rural districts in Lesser Po-land Voivodeship differ from the values presented in the literature. The biggest difference was found in the case of the general nitrogen (value 48% higher) and COD (value 4,4% higher). However the average concentration of the general phosphorus, 11 mgP•dm-3, turned out to be 45,8% lower than the average value presented in the literature. The maximum values of BOD5, COD, total suspended solids and general nitrogen in the tested sewage were much higher than the maxi-mum values in the analyzed references. On the basis of the relationships between the average values ...
The aim of the research was to determine the rain water volume which infiltratesthrough the holes in the sewage chambers inside the pipes of the separatesewer system. Incorrect paving or the sewer chambers envois cause the chambers'surfaces deepen in the area surface. The water which flows down during the rainfallor the snow melt, infiltrates inside the chamber through the cleavages, butmainly through the technical holes in the hatches. These holes are used for the keyor the lever to raise or to open the lid of the hatch.The field analyses showed that many sewage chambers are made incorrectly.In many cases the hatch's lid is located from 10,6 to 38,3 mm below thearea surface. It causes the rainfall or the snowmelt water to overflow through thecleavages or through the holes in the hatch to the sewage chamber. On the basisof the laboratory analyses, it was ascertained that the inflow of the precipitationwater to the sewage chamber, by the hole used to raise the lid, can be described bythe following equation: Q = 25 · h2 + 7,7679 · h, in which h is the immersion of thehatch below the area surface.The research showed that with the long-term rainfalls or the surface flowsrelated ...
The aim of the study was to determine the extent to which heavy rainfall, that occurred in 2010, affected the infiltration into the selected sewage treatment plants in the Małopolskie voivodeship. The research was conducted in four separate sewer systems, located in poviats adjacent to the city of Kraków, dis-charging sewage to mechanical-biological treatment plants with a capacity below 1000 m3•d-1. The amount of sewage and extraneous water in the average wet year (2008) were used as control.As a result of heavy precipitation in 2010 the sewer system A received 18 539 m3 more extraneous water than in 2008 (increase by 343%), the sewer sys-tem B - 22 822 m3 (increase by 163%), the sewer system C - 109 715 m3 (increase by 248%) and the sewer system D - 30 796 m3 (increase by 303%). Heavy precipitation in 2010 caused the increase of infiltration and inflow by 264% on average in all studied sewer systems compared to the average wet year. As the result of precipitation, whose annual total in 2010 was higher by 65% than the normal value in 2008, there was an increase in the annual share of extraneous water from 5.3 to 19.7% depending on the ...
The aim of the study was to determine the volume of infiltration and inflow within a selected sanitary sewer system by using the moving minimum method. The examined sewer system is located in Kraków County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Parasite water inflow into the sewer system was studied in the multiannual period of 2008-2011. Based on the analysis of the research results, obtained using the moving minimum method, it was determined that the infiltration fraction in the annual inflow of contaminated water into the sewer system was from 19.0 to 20.7%, while the fraction of extraneous water - from 19.5 to 31.4%. The largest inflows of extraneous water in the analyzed multiannual period occurred in 2010 (30 210 m3). Due to high total annual precipitation this year was evaluated as very wet. The lowest inflows of extraneous water to the sewer system (15 053 m3) were observed in 2011 (extreme dry year). On the other hand, the largest inflow of infiltration water (20 675 m3) occurred in 2009 (dry year) and the lowest (14 805 m3) - in 2011. The performed research demonstrated a strong correlation between the annual amount of precipitation and the annual volume of parasite water flowing into ...
The aim of this study was to determine the extent of the effect of infiltration into a sewerage system during wet weather on the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in raw sewage flowing into the treatment plant and in treated sewage discharged into the receiver. The study was conducted in four se-lected sewerage systems located in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. The results showed that in each of the analyzed cases the concentration of to-tal nitrogen and total phosphorus in raw sewage was reduced by the infiltration into the sewerage system during wet weather. There was no adverse effect of infiltration on the concentration of total ni-trogen in treated sewage discharged into the receiver during wet weather. On the other hand, the research showed that when the share of infiltration in the daily flow increased by 10%, the concentration of total nitrogen was reduced by from 2.7 to 4.8%. The research demonstrated the adverse effect of infiltration on the concen-tration of total phosphorus in treated sewage in the case of objects with low hy-draulic capacity. Sewage flows, increased by infiltration water, caused the removal of activated sludge, containing phosphorus compounds, from bioreactor chambers and funnels of secondary settling tanks. However, ...
The aim of this study was the application of the triangle method for the calculation of the infiltration and inflow volume entering the sanitary sewer system operating in the Cracow County (Lesser Poland Voivodeship). The analyzed, 10 km long, sewer system is made of vitrified clay pipes with diameters of 200, 250 and 300 mm. Infiltration and inflow, also called extraneous water, adversely affect the operation of sewer systems and sewage treatment plants, what in turn may result in water contamination in the receiver. Amount of extraneous water in the inflows to sewer systems should be estimated using the available computational methods and their causes should be eliminated on an ongoing basis. The conducted study showed an alarming amount of extraneous water flowing into the analyzed sewer system, i.e. in 2010 it accounted for 41.1% (40033 m3), in 2011 - 28.7% (22224 m3), while in 2012 - 23.4% (16848 m3) of the total annual volume of polluted water. The volume of infiltration and inflow entering the examined sewer system depended primarily on the frequency of precipitation, and - to a lesser extent - on its annual total amount. Illegal connections of yard inlets or gutters to the sewage drains are ...
Waste management is one of the main priorities of the state ecological policy. Therefore the law on wastes which came into force in 2001 estabishes the terms of waste management to guarantee protection of human life and health, but also to ensure protection of the natural environment according to the rule of sustainable development. Pursuant to the act, plans of waste management were developed at each level of public administration. According to these plans wastes were divided into two main groups: wastes generated in the municipal sector and in the economic sector. A quantitative analysis of municipal wastes was conducted in the paper by comparing the amounts estimated on the basis of indices of generating waste streams with real waste quantity collected in 5 rural districts of the malopolskie province. The analysis revealed that estimated amounts of wastes fluctuated between 812.5 and 1614.3 Mg∙year-1, whereas the quantities of collected wastes ranged between 180.5 and 580.8 Mg∙year-1.The difference between the estimated and real amount in these districts was on average 986.2 Mg ∙year-1. Similar divergences were observed while analyzing unit amounts of wastes per one inhabitant. The value computed on the basis of indices was 223.59 kg∙M-1∙year-1, which in comparison with ...
The paper presents results of direct investigations of water consumption conducted for the period of one year in two rural households in the villages of Włostowice and Stanisławice in the malopolskie province. The first analyzed household had a typically farmer character, whereas the second one was a typical urban household. Both household used exclusively tap water, discharged their domestic sewage into the combined sewer system and were characterized by similar standard furnishing in water supply and sewage disposal appliances. The conducted analysis of water consumption rate revealed lower water consumption by a rural household in comparison with the other of urban character, despite the fact that the first consisted of a higher number of inhabitants and was running plant and animal production. Mean water consumption per convertible inhabitant over the whole period of investigations in this household was 86.1dm3· PM-1·d-1, whereas at Stanisławice household it amounted to 129.91dm3· PM-1·d-1. Irregularity of water intake confirmed so called weakly cycle. The largest water consumption by both households was registered on Saturday and the lowest on Tuesday. On all days of the week, except Tuesday, water consumption by the household in Stanisławice was the higher than by the Włostowice household. Two peaks in ...
The article presents analysis structure consumption water by residents water- system in commune Drwinia situated in małopolska province. Commune Drwinia has area 108,8 km2 and there are 13 villages. Currently on the terrain lives about 6300 residents. The water-system serve with The Company Watersystem and Sewer-system in Bochnia. After building and giving water-system to use part of residents stilling from individual source delivery in water and don’t connect to water-system. Generally from water-system using about 77% households. In individual of villages amount connects to varies with from 53% to 93%. Few persons using water from water-system and out of habit people to conserve water causes much of discrepancy between projects using water and real using water. In projects accepted using water per one person 140 liter per day, however in last there years consumption was on the commune about 33 liter per day for one person. This is smaller from projects about 77%. Water-system (diameter pipelines and water speed) was designed and made for bigger flows water them is currently. In results water is more time them can, what maybe cause again contamination. This situation occur often in summer time when using water is less from project. One of manner ...
The paper presents results of analyses concerning influence of water/ wastewater objects and infrastructure on the landscape. Foundations for the carried out research were on one hand formally-legal and technical requirements regarding location of water/wastewater infrastructure objects, and on the other hand – valuation of their influence on the landscape. In order to prove this argument, that such influence exists, review of systems of rural water/wastewater infrastructure was made, especially on the area of South Poland, using photographic documentation collected in the Department, and also performing additional local view in order to complete it. The paper also shows examples of objects’ location with positive or negative influence on the landscape. Beneficial influence on the landscape was found in the case of surface waters’ intakes and located reservoirs of raw water in their neighbourhood. In the case of supply – equalising reservoirs, pressure on the landscape is dependent on their sizes and the applied solution (water towers or water reservoirs). The most unfavourable influence on the landscape have sewage treatment plants situated in exposed places. The research showed, that while choosing location of water/wastewater infrastructure objects on the areas of high touristic and landscape qualities, and also in the neighbourhood of ...
The aim of the research was defining influence temperature of the sewage flow from sewage system and the temperature of the atmospheric air on tempera-ture sewage in open biological reactor of flow. To research one chose the small sewerage system with the sewage treatment plant serving to 2000 PE (Population Equivalents) situated on the village-commune in the malopolska voivodeship. Within a period of research the sewerage accompanied sewage from 250 buildings. The average flow of sewage in the investigated year was from 110 to 120 m3•d-1. The research embraced the period of 12 months from 1 January to 31 December the year 2010. To describe this relationship used of the multiple re-gression of analysis. In the period of research ascertained the large variability of the average temperature of sewage flow from sewage system and large variability of average of the temperature of the atmospheric air. The average of mean daily temperature of sewage flow was 11.0 oC. The lowest of temperature of sewage flow was 4.9 oC and the highest was 20.5 oC. In the investigated year of mean daily of the temperature of the atmospheric air was 8.3 oC. The research of concerning of multiple regression of ...
The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the removal of nitrogen compounds in two domestic sewage treatment plants operate based on activated sludge technology. In addition, the effect of sewage temperature in the bioreactors analyzed the effectiveness of the elimination rate. Also analyzed the treatment Turbojet EP-2 with a capacity designed from 1.2 to 1.8 m3•d-1, and treatment Turbojet EP-4 with a capacity of 3.5÷5.0 designed m3•d-1. During the study period the two objects were hydraulically underloaded. Based on studies conducted in 2008-2010 found that the average concentration of total nitrogen in raw sewage were 82.6 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment plant Turbojet EP-2 and 102.0 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-4, the mean concentration of total nitrogen in treated wastewater were 30.2 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-2 and 65.5 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-4. During the study found large fluctuations in the concentrations of total nitrogen in treated wastewater, which ranged from 12.2 to 77.1 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-2 and from 15.3 to 130.7 mgNog•dm-3 in the treatment Turbojet EP-4. This demonstrates the instability occurring processes of nitrification and denitrification. High impact on the percentage of disposal process was nitrogen temperature treatment ...
The paper evaluates the technical condition of 70 water supply networks situated in rural and urban-rural communes in Lesser Poland and Subcarpathian voivodeships. Because of large variation of the considered waterworks in terms of their size, they were divided into five groups according to the number of residents served by the waterworks. The age and material structure of the water supply system was characterized, followed by the evaluation of their technical condition based on data from the end of 2009, derived from the operational records of individual waterworks. The analysis of each water supply indicator included their structural division, i.e. the transit, main and distribution pipes as well as water supply connections were analyzed. Another aspect of the analysis was to examine the structure of damage to the pipes. The conducted analysis revealed that the pipes at the age of 25 years dominated in the age structure of the water supply networks, which, given the material they were made of, shows that in most cases they were halfway through their technical timeline. The vast majority of the analyzed water supply networks was constructed of thermoplastic materials and to a much lesser extent - of steel. Cast iron and asbestos cement ...
In the article was presented variability of iron and manganese ions concentration during the decade 1993-2002 in the underground waters of „Bzin" water intake that supply water pipe for Skarżysko-Kamienna city. The Bzin water intake includes six drilled wells of 37 to 60 meters depth and 74 to 341 m3/h capacity that intake underground waters from carbonated, slotted Triassic formation. Conducted research indicated very high variability of analyses compounds. The analysis of Fe and Mn ions variability in the underground Triassic waters of Bzin intake showed that in the well II and III waters decreasing of Mn and Fe concentrations, in the wells I and Ia decreasing only of Mn concentration and increasing of Fe level, however in wells IIIb and IV increasing both Mn and Fe concentrations was followed during progressive exploitation. In case of Fe ions, concentration in exploited water reached up to 1,52 mg/dm3 (well I) and manganese up to 0,78 mg/dm3 (well Ia). First class waters (very good quality) occurred throughout research period in the well 3b, and the worst third and forth class: in the year 1997, in the well 4, that was connected with high concentration of Fe and Mn ions, and throughout whole ...
The work analyses the eight-year (1997–2004) period of research on water consumption by a selected household in a housing estate in Krakow. Water consumption was referred to the number of persons using water in the investigated household, a unit consumption was determined and daily irregularities in the uptake of water. The household numbered four permanent dwellers. The basis for analysis were daily indications of water meter registered in the observation journal, temporary changes of the number of inhabitants and water use outside the flat, e.g. for garden watering or car washing, etc. The investigated building is fully furnished with running water and sewer system, i.e. running water is supplied to the flat furnished with kitchen sink, flushed toilets and two fully equipped bathrooms. In the initial period of investigations, wastewater from the building was directed into a cesspool but since November 1997 it has been drained by common sewer system. Obtained research results revealed that daily unit water use in 1997–2004 ranged between 5.9 and 693.3 dm3∙M-1∙d-1, whereas average unit daily water consumption fell within the 135.5 and 177.5 dm3∙M-1∙d-1 depending on year. The biggest difference between average daily unit water uptakes in individual months was registered in 2000 and ...
Changes of underground waters quality in the intakes located in the intensive industrialization and mining area are caused by anthropogenic activity. The type of quality changes is essential to use these waters in water-supply systems. It also allows for accepting proper solution of extension of intake or introduce possible protection relatively to source evoking these changes (bring about changes). The subject of research presented in this article is variability of selected quality parameters such as dry residuum, total hardness, concentration of sulfate, chloride, calcium and magnesium ion concentrations of underground waters from four intakes located in eastern part of Zapadlisko Górnośląskie. Dobra 1 and 2, Bielany and Galmany intakes include six drilled wells of 88,0-101,5 meters depth and discharge about 700,0-800,0 m3*d-1 taken water from Triassic formation and ventilating-filling shaft J. Dąbrowski of 103,0 meters depth and 2000 m3*d-1 capacity that takes water from Carbon formation. Detailed analysis of chemical composition variability indicates big changes of dry residuum in Triassic waters intake Galmany, smaller in Bielany and Dobra 1. High variability of water hardness and Ca, SO4 and Cl ion concentrations was affirmed in Dobra 1 intake and Cl and SO4 occurred in Bielany. Considerable variability of all analysed components ...
The article presents a structure consumption cold and hot water in apartment with family with 3 people. In analyze apartment install 2 water meters cold and hot water in bathroom and 2 water meters cold and hot water in kitchen. Cold and hot water in kitchen consumption is to prepare meal and to wash dishes. Cold water in bathroom consumption is to rinse off toilet bowl and laundry. Hot water in bathroom consumption is for people in target to keep personal hygiene. In kitchen is one point to draw cold and hot water (sink). In bathroom are for points to draw cold water and two points to draw hot water. The aim of this paper is to describe structure of consumption cold and hot water in to discuss apartment. The detail aims is describe actual parts cold water consumption in bathroom and kitchen and actual parts hot water consumption in bathroom and kitchen.Cold water is deliver with water supply, however hot water with heat and power plant MPEC S.A. in Krakow. In 2004 persons consumed 96,08 m3 water. Medium consumption on one person was 101,0 dm3*M-1*d-1. Analysis consumption in months in 2004 year showed the highest consumption was in ...
