The article presents results of research carried out on four “DUOFILTER” type septic tanks. Analysed objects made first step of living sewage treatment in household sewage treatment plants. As a second step of treatment vertical flow sand filter was applied. Sewage flow through the tank in each case was less than 1,0 m3*d-1. Septic tank consisted of three chambers: first – sedimental one and two flow ones, equipped with filter made of porous structures. The research was carried out during the period from October 2003 to May 2005. Concentrations of raw sewage pollutants were analysed – taken from the first chamber of the tank, and sewage primarily treated – taken on the outflow from the tank. Three indexes from the basic group: BOD5, CODCr, total suspended solids were physicochemically analysed. On the basis of the carried out results’ analysis, mean effectiveness of BOD5 was ascertained from 25,3 to 40,2%; CODCr from 32,4 to 43,5 %; total suspended solids from 35,9 to 56%. ...
The article presents effectiveness of sewage treatment in Dąbrowa Tarnowska treatment plant. The research was carried out in the period from January 2005 to September 2007. Two indexes from the basic group: BOD5, total suspended solids and from the eutrophic group: general nitrogen and general phosphorus were physicochemically analysed. Efficiency of treatment was on the low level, which concerns basic pollution indexes BOD5 and total suspended solids, as well as biogenic compounds (general nitrogen and general phosphorus). The reason for this may be bad technical state of the treatment plant, which was built in the sixties of the 20th century. The problem may be solved by building a modern sewage treatment plant, which allows to treat sewages up to the level admissible by the obliging Ordinance. ...
The volume and variability of water consumption by inhabitants of town of Mszana Dolna was defined on the basis of readings from meters in 35 buildings in the period 2001–2007. The analysis performed showed that the average daily wa-ter consumption in Mszana Dolna totalled 78,79 dm3.d-1.M-1 in single family houses and 83,80 dm3.d-1.M-1 in block of apartments, which is similar to water consumption in other places across southern Poland. In the buildings analyzed, a continuous drop in water consumption was recorded, which in the period ana-lyzed reached 25% in houses and 15,5% in blocks of apartments. The number of units of water consumed in houses also decreased despite the increase in the num-ber of inhabitants. Average daily water consumption in single family houses reached a peak in summer, while lowest water consumption levels were recorded in autumn. Differences in water consumption volumes in particular seasons in blocks of apartments are marginal. Average household consumption was by 21,2% lower than the consumption levels specified in the standard, while the difference in block of apartments amounted to 47,6%. ...
The article presents evaluation of effectiveness of sewage treatment by the Tarnow Group Sewage Treatment Plant. On the basis of the results of raw and treated sewage physico-chemical analyses, the effectiveness of decreasing the cho-sen sewage pollutants was evaluated. The following pollutants’ indexes were tested: BOD5, COD, total suspended solids, general nitrogen and general phosphorus. The research period was from January 2006 until November 2007. The paper presents the amount of transgressions of each index in relation to the admissible values from the water-law permission. Basing on the performed analy-sis the following effectiveness of the pollutants’ removal was evaluated: BOD 98,9%, COD 92,9%, total suspended solids 95,1%, general nitrogen 91,3%, gen-eral phosphorus 87,4%. The tested sewage treatment plant may be certified to op-erate in high quality and the sewage treated by this plant doesn’t threaten the col-lector of the treated sewage. ...
The article presents results of analyses concerning the influence of air temperature on the sewage temperature in the household sewage treatment plant. Each of the objective treatment plants (4 of them) consisted of the septic tank and vertical flow sand filter. The research was carried out from March 2003 to May 2006. Air temperature, raw sewage temperature (flowing into the septic tank), primarily treated sewage (after the septic tank) and treated sewage (on the out-flow from the septic tank) temperature was measured. The influence of the sur-rounding temperature on the raw sewage, primarily treated sewage and treated sewage temperature was statistically analyzed. On the basis of the research it was ascertained, that the temperature of the raw, primarily treated and treated sewage is influenced by the air temperature. ...
The article presents the thorough description of the vertical flow sand filters. The construction of sand filters was also presented and materials used for building filters were described. In the next part, capacities of sewage treatment in the vertical flow sand filters were presented. Vertical flow sand filters are mainly used as the second step of sewage treatment after septic tanks or after Imhoff tanks, as well as the third step after biological treatment processes when the high quality and stable outflow is required. Sand filters are useful for treatment sew-age from single households and from the group of houses, but they also can be used in bigger sewage treatment plants for the public utility objects. The article ends with the summary and conclusions where it is ascertained that the vertical flow sand filters are very good solution regarding household sewage treatment plants, in the areas where the combined sewerage system can-not be applied. Moreover the efficiency of sewage treatment in these objects is high. ...
The paper presents the reliability of the sewage treatment plant operation for Tuchów commune. The research was carried out from January 2005 to December 2006. The following sewage pollution ratios were physico-chemically analyzed: BOD5, CODCr, total suspended solids. In order to define the proper treatment plant's operation, the reliability coefficient was calculated (RC) for each of the tested indexes. The empiric reliability was presented. The amount of transgresions of the admissible index values presented in the water-law permis-sion was described. Moreover, the efficiency of the ratios' decrease in the tested period was defined.The carried out research showed the high efficiency of the pollutants' amount decrease: BOD5 - 90,7%, CODCr - 86,6%, total suspended solids - 90,5%. The calculated Reliability Coefficients RC of the analyzed indexes amounted respectively: for BOD5 - 0,52, for CODCr - 0,31 and for total sus-pended solids 0,62. ...
The paper presents the efficiency of the sewage treatment based on the ex-ample of the sewage treatment plant for Krynica-Zdrój. The research was carried out from January 2006 to December 2007. The following sewage pollution indexes were physico-chemically tested: BOD5, CODCr, total suspended solids, general ni-trogen and general phosphorus. The reliability coefficient (RC) was calculated for each of the analyzed indexes. The amount of the transgressions of the admissible index values in relation to the water law permission was defined. Moreover, the ef-fectiveness of the indexes' decrease in the tested period was analyzed. Additionally the amount of sewage flowing into the treatment plant in each months of the tested period was presented. The carried out research showed the high efficiency of the pollutants' removal. The average reduction of the tested indexes balanced on the level of: BOD5 - 95,03%, CODCr - 90,98%, total suspended solids - 94,76%, gen-eral nitrogen - 79,79%, general phosphorus - 63,5%. ...
The work aimed at the assessment of working of a household sewage treat-ment plant based on a horizontal flow sand filter.Physicochemical analyses of chosen pollution indexes (BZT5, ChZTCr, total suspension, total phosphorus) were carried out and compared with currently in force values of these indexes according to the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 24th July 2006. On this basis the operation of the sewage treat-ment plant was assessed. Raw, initially treated and treated sewage samples were taken from December 2008 to March 2009. Physicochemical analysis was carried out in the Laboratory of the Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Man-agement of the University of Agriculture in Kraków. The gathered results of tests and their analysis conducted in the paper showed the proper working of the household sewage treatment plant.
...
The paper presents the efficiency of the sewage treatment based on the ex-ample of the sewage treatment plant in Dobczyce. The resarch was based on the analysis of 44 raw sewage and treated sewage from January 2007 to December 2010. Values of five selected pollution indexes were analyzed: BOD5, COD, total suspended solids, general nitrogen and general phosporus. The amount of the transgressions of the admissible index values in relation to the water law permis-sion was defind. The effectiveness of the indexes' decrease In the tested period was analyzed. The carried out research showed the high efficiency of the pollutants amount decrease: BOD5 - 98,9%, COD - 97,6%, total suspended solids - 97,6%, general nitrogen - 89,4%, general phosporus - 97,6%. ...
In the article presents effectiveness of sewage treatment in Sewage Treatment Plant in Lipnica Wielka. The domestic sewage follow into the Sewage Treatment Plant in gravity system. The method used for sewage treatment is based on the active sludge method with chemical precipitation of phosphor. The research was carried out in the period from March 2009 to June 2010. The analysis was performed on samples of raw and treated sewage. Three indicators of pollutants were analysed: BOD5, COD, total suspended solids. Furthermore was determined the volume of sewage flowing into the sewage treatment plant.Basing on the results analysis, effectiveness of BOD5 reduction was defined on the level of 96,23%, COD- 91,42% and total suspended solids - 95,71%. Also it was observed that research of volume of sewage flowing into the sewage treatment plant, were indicated a hydraulically underload.
...
Untreated domestic sewerage still poses a serious threat to the environment in ruralareas. The lack of simultaneous construction of water supply and sewerage systemsin rural areas contributed to the significant imbalance between water supply and sewagedischarge. Raw sewage, entering the natural receiver, cause rapid degradation oflife and contribute to the biological imbalance in the environment. Untreated sewagecan cause the deterioration of water quality in private wells and may even lead to itstotal contamination.In areas, where it is impossible to implement collective sewerage systems, there isan alternative in the form of building septic tanks or household sewage treatment plants.The development of household sewage treatment plants in Poland has been observed fordecades. There were 4000 household sewage treatment plants registered in 1998, whilein 1999 this number increased to 18054. A rapid increase was observed in subsequentyears, i.e. in 2008 there were 51,943 registered household sewage treatment plants, in2010 this number increased to about 81 thousand and in 2011 about 103 thousandtreatment plants were registered. In the near future a dramatic increase in the numberof newly built household sewage treatment plants is expected.The aim of this study was to analyze the efficiency of domestic sewage treatmentin a household sewage treatment plant with a ...
The article presents effectiveness of sewage pollutants’ reduction in Sewage Treatment Plant „KUJAWY”. Treatment plant “KUJAWY” is meant to neutralise living sewage from Nowa Huta quarter for Krakow city. Capacity of the treatment plant is 80 000 m3*d-1. The research was carried out in the period from 01.04.2006 to 31.03.2007. Results’ analysis was performed on the basis of raw and treated sewage concentration. Three pollutants’ indexes from the basic group were analysed: BOD5, CODCr and total suspended solids and two indexes from the eutrophic group: general nitrogen and general phosphorus. Basing on the results’ analysis, mean effectiveness of BOD5 reduction was defined on the level of 98,5%, CODCr – 96,0%, total suspended solids– 98,2%, general nitrogen– 73,7% and general phosphorus – 91,4%. ...
The aim of the article is to present the changes in water and wastewater management in Poland before and during the WFD implementation. The basis for the analysis was data from Statistical Yearbook from Central Statistical Office – Environment Protection and from National Programme for Municipal Waste Water Treatment implementation reports. The total amount of the treated sewage in Poland increased by about 37,9% in multi-years period of 1980-2007, whereas the amount of untreated sew-age delivered to the environment decreased by as much as 83,4%. Moreover, the tendency for increasing amount of sewage treated in high performance technolo-gies is observed. The direct symptom of improvement in the situation is the ten-dency of decreasing BOD5, suspended solids, general nitrogen and general phos-phorus in the sewage drained into water or ground. Such tendency is visible especially regarding the two first indexes. As a result of National Programme for Municipal Waste Water Treatment implementation since 1990 the increase of amount of people who use the sewage treatment plant is clearly seen. Unfortu-nately, disproportions occur in the amount of tenants of cities and villages who use the sanitation and sewage treatment plants. At the end of 2006 about 85% people in cities exploited ...
The paper presents the ways of catching raw water in the investigated in-takes on The San River for supplying of the chosen agglomerations as well as its quality analyses’ results. Moreover it presents results of analy-ses concerning amount of water collected for waterworks’ needs in water intakes in three places: Zasław, Trepcza (for Sanok and Zagórze) and Jarosław. The total amount of the taken water in 2006 for the above mentioned towns - 4,47 m3.s-1 – constitutes the significant (55,9%) part of the low flows of The San River. Water taken for Sanok, Zagórze and Jaro-slaw from S.U.W. is the surface water, regarding the quality, this water belongs to the A3 category, which needs the high performance physical, chemical and bacteriological (disinfection) treatment. The average concentration of total sus-pended solids in 2006 in the raw water was 11,4 mg.dm-3 in the intake in Zasław town, whereas in the Trepcza intake this concentration valued 19,2 mg.dm-3. The average amount of the fecal coliforms in Zasław town was 2222 c.f.u. in 100 ml of raw water, whereas in Trepcza it valued 3275 c.f.u in 100 ml of raw water. The average pollution concentrations in water taken in Jarosław intake in the period ...
Living and industrial sewage is claimed to be the only source of the water pollution in urban areas. Therefore the regulation of sewage management – which is building or extension of sewerage systems - is considered to be the suffi-cient protection of the urban water resources. Urbanized areas, especially mu-nicipal – industrial agglomerations become huge sources of air, water, soil, streets, squares, roofs and non-built-up areas pollution. Pollutants washed down from the streets or other impregnated surfaces, during the precipitation or snow-melt, are the serious danger for the soil and water environment. The article reviews the obliging legal regulations concerning the drainage and management of the precipitation water from the urbanized areas. The main attention was paid to possibilities of the retention and infiltration of precipitation water – which is their management in the site where the precipitation originates. Moreover, the examples of created and exploited objects used for retention and infiltration together with the effects of pollutants’ reduction in the treated pre-cipitation water were presented. The basic legal documents concerning the man-agement possibilities and quality standards of precipitation water are the Water Law from 18th July 2001 and The Regulation of the Minister of Environment from 24th July ...
The article presents an assessment of the effectiveness of municipal wastewater treatment using sand filters of vertical flow with granular activated carbon. Research of organic compounds, nitrogen compounds and total suspension removal were performed under increasing hydraulic loading rates.It was found that the treatment of domestic sewage in a multi-layer sand filter with granular activated carbon ensured the quality of the filtrate for hydraulic loading rates 43 mm∙d-1 and 88 mm∙d-1. Due to the changing conditions within the layers observed large fluctuations reduce the effectiveness of BOD5 (6- 99% ), ChZTCr (31 - 90% ) and total suspension (55 -95%).Tthe effectiveness of removing organic compounds, nitrogen compounds and total suspension was determined. It was shown that the single-layer granular activated carbon filter was adequate to establish in the interior of the optimal conditions for the development of both heterotrophic bacteria and nitrifying bacteria. For 3 month cycle mean effectiveness of BOD5, CODCr and total suspension was respectively 98%, 97% and 87%. ...
The paper presents analysis of modernization possibilities of the techno-logical chain in the sewage treatment plant in Lopuszna concerning removal of biogenic pollutants. High operation effectiveness of the analyzed treatment plant is important regarding the protection of water in the cascade of Czorsztyn-Niedzica-Sromowce Wyzne reservoirs against the excessive pollution. The assess-ment of modernization possibilities of the treatment plant was based on the num-ber of computer simulations upon the ASIM2d model. This model includes 21 separate processes, which were divided into: hydrolysis processes, processes with heterotrophic bacteria XH, processes with poliphosphates' accumulating bacteria XPAO, processes with nitrifiers XAUT and chemical processes.The analysis revealed that low effectiveness of biogenic substance removal in the objective treatment plant results from the lack of activated sludge recircula-tion into the anaerobic chamber which causes that the biological dephosphatation process is not sufficient enough. The situation will change if the internal and external recirculation chain is corrected and the anaerobic chamber is included in the technological chain of the objective sewage treatment plant. ...
One of educating activities aims is characteristic, grouping and classifi-cation of phenomena, objects and behaviors. Division of some group of objects, subjects or devices into subgroups plays very important role in standardization operations. A result of objective analysis of the tested set structure is the possi-bility to determine mutual relations between elements which create the set. This is particularly important in hydrology, especially in modeling of processes that oc-cur in catchments or drainage basins. Relations between catchments characteris-tics and hydrologic models’ parameters are extremely important in estimation of parameters of statistic distributions, evaluation of changes in catchments and prognosis of hydrological phenomena in uncontrolled catchments. The knowledge of the spatial distribution of hydrological characteristics is more and more often used in water management, especially during water management plans creation in the area of catchments or drainage basins. In order to estimate interesting hy-drological characteristics in uncontrolled catchments the method of regional fre-quency analysis is applied, which allows to allocate areas of homogenous type of the analyzed phenomenon. To allocate the homogenous areas methods of two or more variables regression, cluster analysis, kriging or artificial neural networks are applied, too. Grouping methods base on the internal division criterion, which is mathematic ...
