The paper presents very important, both from practical and theoretical reasons, problem of forming the river bed-forms within the gravel-bed mountainous riverbed and the influence of those bed forms on the discharge value. In natural rivers, due to the complicated nature of the discharge and changes in the water level, the bed forms are quite complicated structures. Those forms are changing in length and height and when present they change hydraulics conditions of the discharge. They could be both 2-dimentional and 3-dimentional, situated in all pars of the cross section. Up to now there are only a few notes and papers about the gravel bed forms which can be found in rivers. Most of scientific papers focus on sand riverbed forms. The present paper shows and concentrates on the field measurements of gravel bed forms found in the estuarial part of the mountain river - the Raba River - in Polish Carpathians. Such research was carried out first time in Poland. The research focuses here mostly on geometrical parameters of these bed forms such as height, length, stoss and trough angle as well as granulometric characteristics of gravel built those forms. Basing on in-site measurements many different hydraulics ...
In view of growing interest of tourists in various sports activities increasing importance of winter sports is also noticeable. Skiing and snowboarding become more and more popular forms of spending spare time by various social age groups. In such situation economic entities operating on tourist market in the discussed disciplines should implement the investment policy aimed at satisfying the demand for services connected with practicing this type of sports and recreational activities.Also territorial self-government authorities should conduct tourist policy in the mountain areas to increase their attractiveness for tourists, among other through investment endeavors in ski infrastructure and para-tourist infrastructure.Discussed has been an analysis of selected elements of infrastructure in the regions of skiing reception in Poland. Tourist market studies have been conducted in three aspects. Studies covered mountain communes which are the areas of skiing reception and ski stations situated in the communes participating in the research. The studies incorporated also an analysis of potential tourist demand represented by skiers and snowboarders. The article contains the analysis of only one fragment of research focused on 64 mountain communes in Poland. Studies on selected elements of mountain commune infrastructure involved among others an analysis of their transport accessibility, general ...
The cements contain, apart from Portland clinker, other non-clinker mineral components, mainly industrial refuse. The source of chemical pollution of the cement binders may originate from materials and substitute fuel (e.g. industrial and domestic refuse).The main goal of the research project was evaluating the influence of cement-ground road foundations on the roadside ecotone zones in the fresh mixed broad-leaved forest. The research focused on five types of cements, which contained different percentage of fly ashes and furnace slag. The process of chemical compounds leaching from cement-ground mixtures was described at two levels i.e. laboratory tests and field investigations. The reaction of both sand eluates and hardened cement-ground mixtures was analyzed to describe the influence of cement-ground mixtures on forming the reaction of ecotone zones soils. Additionally, the reactions of duff and soil samples taken at three depths were described. Trees assimilatory organs, as well as ground cover were also monitored. Samples of soils for chemical and bio-indication investigations were collected from two transects, parallel to the axis of each of the five experimental sections, as well as the experimental one. It was found out on the basis of the carried out experiments that the reaction of the eluates of all ...
On the first period of using storage yards of combustion wastes collected big amounts of ashes and slugs transferred in pipes by hydraulic method. As a result of power plant operation in those time we have got a part of agriculture area with storage yards which are very large with embankments up to 20 m and sometimes higher. Space for accumulation of combustion wastes was enlarged in stages by construction of new sections of yards and embankments on settled wastes. Because of their sizes and safety conditions for surrounding such structures are similar to water storage reservoirs with earth embankments. Progress of technology in utilization of combustion products caused that amount of wastes collected in settling ponds now is much smaller than on beginning. A big part of ashes and slugs is transferred directly from power plant to mines in trucks and only ashes are folding in yards. In most cases folding of ashes is hold in sections of yard in such way that two or more often three sections are in operation. The first one is used for folding, second is filled with wastes for drying and material from the third one is transferred for ...
Merging lands and bartering them has become one of regular practices to achieve the right spatial and economic environment for agricultural production. European Union funds will made their resources available for merging and bartering practices, which will surely result in the increased number of projects related to agricultural land management in Poland.The presented paper has been aimed at preliminary rating of the municipalities in Malopolskie Voivodship area according to the necessity of introducing there land merging or bartering. The paper presents spatial development of the municipalities with a view to the required merging and bartering to be initiated. The research has revealed wide diversity over the concerned municipalities with regards to land merging or bartering of lands to be executed. The municipalities from latitudinal band (at the latitude of Krakow) running from west to east of the studied region exhibited the highest needs for the concerned land management arrangements. In the municipalities in Krakow proximity such practices were found highly required. The middle part of Malopolskie Voivodship represents the area of relatively small urgency for such works. It is worth concluding that the conducted research provides support to the local governments in decision making process on preliminary merging or bartering ...
In the paper were described the research results of in the elastic plastic range work of grid - stone basket model (gabion), making the retaining wall element of country roads embankment. The gabion model was executed in the cuboid form with dimensions in the location plan 0,52 x 0,52 m and 0,42 m height. The gabion model is assembled with shield constructed with hexagon mesh steel grid. The inside of shield is filled with stone material. The object was placed in the special construction container - the walls and the bottom are constructed with the elements, independently deforming. The model of gabion was vertical loaded, with statical central pressure. Were executed the measurements of the vertical and horizontal pressure and also the vertical pressure delivered at the one - parameter type Winkler ground. Were foundated the variable parameters: suppleness of grid coat and the sort of filling stone material. Were ascertained the reduction of pressure at the basis in the range from 15 to above 30 % with reference to the without coat model, making the pattern. Besides, verticale pressure of gabion at the basis suffers reduction moderately diminution of coat suppleness. Presumably, the work of loaded gabion is determined ...
In researches over level of endowment to technical infrastructure, but especially in spatial comparative analyses it is helpful application of multidimensional statistics methods, allowing on assignment of synthetic measureMeasures substitute numerous set of the feature of researched object (variable characterizing individual elements of technical infrastructure) with one aggregate variable.Such approach enables estimate of object (communes) by one largeness and it allows ordering of analyzed object based on treated problem (level of infrastructural development). The purpose of article is assignment of development measure of technical infrastructure according to various methods of constructing of synthetic measures, and comparison received results. The objective is verification how the application of different aggregation methods of the same diagnostic variable effects results, manner and which from suggested methods seem adequate for researches over technical infrastructure.Were chosen 5 different proposals of constructions of synthetic variable and were compare received results according to them these methods.Object of research presents 20 mountain communes in the podkarpackie province. For construction of synthetic measure were accept 8 diagnostic variable characterizing elements of technical infrastructure of country area. ...
Waste management is a section of technical infrastructure which is often called public utilities determining the sanitary and ecological level of rural areas. Wastes appear everywhere - on wastelands, by field roads, in the roadside ditches and drainage ditches, in parks and forests, and often also in the farmsteads. Growing rate of waste production, particularly indecomposable ones, poses two basic problems which must be solved by the self-government authorities in the commune: developing a system of waste collection and methods of their disposal. The first involves educational and organizational issues. The second problem is far more difficult to solve because a method or methods should be selected for managing municipal wastes. A most common method which must be usually applied in any conditions is waste deposition on controlled landfill site. The article presents the state of waste management in the Gródek nad Dunajcem commune and suggests some improvements to the situation. While presenting solutions applied by the commune attention was focused on ecological and economic advantages connected with upgrading the existing programme of waste management. The present system was evaluated on the basis of legal acts currently in force on developing solid waste management programmes, the amount ...
The authors show in the paper which types of soil erosion occur in the Carpathian mountain region and what are causes of it. It was found that the most susceptible to soil erosion were arable lands because of their surface being periodically devoid of plant cover. On the arable lands two types of soil erosion: surface and wind erosion can be found. Sometimes one can also find rill erosion and land slides. On the mountain grasslands, the most frequent are landslides which occur also in the forests on slopes with inclination. The main cause of soil erosion is the waterproof clay part on which a surface layer of soil slides down. All described types of soil erosion are very dangerous for environment because degrade the soils, pollute the surface waters, lower the agricultural and grassland production and lower the landscape values. The occurrence of soil erosion in mountain regions is caused first of all by larger and more intensive rainfalls and inclination of the slopes. ...
The content of this paper is the continuation of the paper presented in the previous volume. The necessity of flood protection of urban areas was argued and the attention was paid to environmental and small architecture aspects. A typical solution that was discussed concerns the re-development and renovation of a stream of Wątok flowing through the old part of the Tarnów town with monumental sacral buildings. First regulation works were undertaken in the mid-war period. Time passing, water aggressiveness intensified with municipal wastes, and the lack of proper maintenance caused considerable damage to the existing structures. The extent of the damage threatened building catastrophe with all resulting consequences.Utilizing own resources and the acquired PHARE funds, the Tarnów authorities decided to undertake full-scale works on the stream reach under discussion. High requirements were posed concerning the environmental and aesthetics conditions with the simultaneous meeting the safety conditions of the neighboring terrain and the development itself. Because of varying character and technical state of the existing development, as well as different land conditions and the character of ...
Inequality in saturation and spatial diversification of rural areas in respect of farm technical infrastructure development causes specific difficulties in planning the development of individual region in the scale of the whole country and in the scale of single provinces. The diversification, at the same strategies of development for the whole regions and macroregions, may cause even more differences in regional development. Presented estimation of technical infrastructure of farms will help launching a proper strategy of development for individual regions in order to equalize chances. A problem of communes' classification due to many features and indices which may describe the level of infrastructural saturation is a typical problem of multivariate comparative analysis. At this point a notion of taxonomic structure should be mentioned as a configuration of points of multidimensional space which is a set of objects characterized by means of various attributes. Finally, after initial verification of informative values of attributes, 13 indices describing technical infrastructure on farms were selected for analysis from the available set of diagnostic attributes.The assessment was made basing on a synthetic measurement of development which is an aggregate diagnostic attribute. Assuming in the conducted research that αj = 1, i.e. ...
In the contribution is submitted proposal of the vessel construction for water for industrial use. For heating is being used the secondary heat from the cooling system. More frequent utilization of this energy is limited of present by two facts: 1. The cooling devices contain toxic charge and therefore the pipeline for cooling medium passing through must not be in direct contact with the heated water for hygiene and safety reasons. 2. Sufficient thermal difference for effective heat sharing is possible only when the cool water is supplied to the place of heating.The suggested construction solves both these problems. The primary pipeline with ammonia is located on the container outer side into other heat-carrying protective medium. The inner arrangement provides the isothermal water stratification in container. In to the container is located the insert from non-conductive material with outer dimension smaller than the inner diameter of container. This enables formation of the slot filled by the heated water. Between the hot water in the slot and cold water inside the vessel creates the pressure difference, heated water rises into the upper part of the container and cold water is sucked into the slot from the bottom. Within the heating almost ...
For more efficient realization of the National Plan of Development and the strategy of equalizing regional needs of rural areas and agriculture it is necessary to develop applied research on changes in the infrastructure and multifunctional character of rural areas. It is necessary to update and develop new methodologies and methods of horizontal and vertical comparisons of the studied space objects, i.e. villages, communes or regions (counties) in a selected region (province) or macro region of Poland. A comparative assessment has been suggested with a division into:- characteristics of studied objects (e.g. communes),- their structural development,- multifunctional character of the studied rural area.Proposed characteristics of researched objects (communes) should by based on an assessment of at least 10 factors pertaining to the area (total area, forest, arable area, permanent grasslands and soil quality) and rural dwellers, their households connected and unconnected with farms.A hitherto development of commune technical infrastructure can be determined using 10 factors, the parameters of which may be assessed by percentage numbers (%) in relation to the number of households per commune.Characterizing of commune multifunctional character may be established according to jobs and employment structure or sources of income of the inhabitants. It was suggested to consider 15 sources of ...
