Zeszyt: 2012, vol. 9 / 03 / 1 (Mar 2012)
The research was performed to assess the direction, scope and significance of changes of thermal indices in agricultural seasons in the region of Bydgoszcz. Measurements of air temperature were carried out in a standard way, at the' Mo-chełek' Research Centre of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology UTP Bydgoszcz, located about 20 km from Bydgoszcz. The study included the normal period of years 1981-2010. The following agricultural seasons were taken into consideration: farming, growing, intensive plant growth, plant maturity and plant dormancy. The results of the research showed no significant trends among all 15 indicators characterizing the thermal agricultural seasons in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz over the years 1981- 2010. In some cases (5 of the 15) was confirmed a broadening of their temporal variability in the years 1996-2010, compared to the previous 15-year period 1981-1995. This may possibly be regarded as a symptom of the observed climate change. Long-term average values of the thermal indices in agricultural seasons examined during the period 1981-2010 were consistent with normative values for the region of Bydgoszcz quoted in publications, which characterize the Polish climate and agroclimate. It confirms the representativeness of the measurement point in Mochełek. The research confirmed a very high ...
In terms of its territory and functions, forestry is related to rural areas and plays a major role, i.e. in agriculture. A significant proportion of low-value land which is currently used as farmland may be allocated to afforestation and, there-fore, its economic value may increase and forest resources may be expanded. This paper presents guidelines for designing an rural-forest boundary and the role of cadastral data in the selection of areas to be afforested. The data in the real estate cadastre allows for inventory control of the primary status of land and its productivity value, i.e. its value class. The record map which serves as the car-tographic basis for forest landscaping also plays an important role in designing the rural - forest boundary. ...
For several years in Poland there is offensive windmills. Wind turbines are formed in the areas with a beautiful landscape where people live mainly from tourism. The Warmia and Mazury has one of the best Polish conditions for wind energy development. Socio-economic situation in the region contributes to seek additional sources of financing municipal expenditure. Use are foreign corpora-tions that run more wind farms in the region. Local government is only waiting and dreaming of millions from investors for the most-needed investment in communities.The paper contains a discussion on wind energy development in the context of the landscape protection of the Warmia and Mazury region. ...
Occurence of minus air temperature, precipitation and wind worsen tech-nical conditions of the performance of maintenance works and it also has an impact on the occupational safety. Some of the results of considered weather events are the delays in the performance of particular works and an increase of their costs in a result of additional works. Potential financial loss that may influence enterprise in a result of unfavourable weather conditions is determined as the weather risk. In the following research the level of the risk in maintenance works in watercourses was assessed. The analysis of the weather forms was conducted in Wrocław between 2000 and 2011 for that purpose. Three weather conditions such as the air temperature below 0, rainfall, snowfall and the velocity of the wind were considered. Analysis was conducted basing on the data obtained from the Wroclaw Airport station. It was performed for the period recommended for the performance of maintenance works in watercourses from the 1st to the 31st of December. Frequency of the days occurence while weather conditions constituted an obstacle was determined basing on the obtained data. The analysis revealed that unfavourable weather conditions occurred often in realization of the works in the considered ...
The article analyses and evaluates social, demographic and economic changes in the community of Michałowice. In the first part of the work, the author defines the term urban-sprawl, based on specialist literature. Next, the article fo-cuses on characteristic features of the Michałowice community, which is located in the vicinity of Krakow. That is a cause of strong social and economic links with the city. Moreover, the articles presents current local acts of spatial planning. Since, demographic situation plays an important role in the social and economic development of the area, the next part of the article sheds some light on demo-graphic dynamics, including structural changes related to the expansion of building developments. In addition, the study also included surveys among randomly selected inhabitants concerning the social and economic situation in the community. The development of the area is influenced by the rate of increase/decrease of business undertakings. That is why the last part of the article presents the current state and growth dynamics of business undertakings in Michałowice. ...
The article presents the assessment of changes of the selected spatial pa-rameters of land in the Barczków village, where the land consolidation works were undertaken between October 2008 and November 2011. The village of Barczków, with a surface area of 213 ha, is located in the Szczurowa commune, brzeski dis-trict. Following the completion of planning of the new land layout, it is now possible to compare it with the previous layout. However, the total completion of the whole process of the actual conversion of the spatial structure of the village requires investments connected with construction works of the new elements of transport network and the modernization of the already existing ones, which are being implemented as the post-land consolidation development.The scope of assessment encompassed the data collection of land plots and farms which are indicative of land layouts of the Barczków village before and after land consolidation. The interpretation of the obtained results indicates a significant improvement in the village spatial structure, which is noticeable by eliminating a large group of plots detached from a municipal road. The relatively little, yet positive changes have been observed in the reduction of the registered plots in individual farms. The distance between ...
The paper presents analyzes the development of water and sewage infra-structure in the Lublin province in 2000-2010. In addition, based on the results of surveys carried out in 70 selected municipalities province, presents the state of the basic elements of water and sewage infrastructure in 2011. Found a large disparity between the development of water supply and sanitation in rural of Lublin province in the first decade of the twenty-first century. It was noted that in 2011 in selected municipalities of the region (mainly rural) water supply system has benefited 84.8% of the population, and the sewerage system only 18.6%. In the years 2000-2010 in the Lublin province has been gradual progress the construction of sewerage systems, and particularly in the case of collective and sewage treatment plants, which was possible mainly thanks to EU funds acquired by local governments. In the analyzed period, the collective biological waste water treatment plants were the most commonly used, in the case of household objects - infiltration drainage systems. ...
Agricultural spatial structure in Poland is highly disadvantageous in the extensive area of the country, which especially concerns Southern and South-Eastern Poland. The far-reaching changes of particular parameters of this struc-ture are mostly the result of land consolidation works carried out pursuant to the provisions of the Act on land consolidation and exchange of land dated 26 March 1982. One of the most important premise qualifying a given area for land consol-idation is excessive land fragmentation, the effect of which is a large number of land plots belonging to individual farms which is usually connected with a slight, average surface of such plot. The data used during the analysis of land fragmentation in a given area is usually obtained via examination of the descriptive part of land and building register survey. The above approach may sometimes result in an incorrect description of the real state of farm spatial structure in a given area, as it was demonstrated in the presented article on the Sękowa village, situated in the Sękowa commune, gorlicki district. In this area one can observe significant discrepancies between the land fragmentation shown in data analysis of land register and the real fragmentation, the scale of which was ...
The paper presents issues concerning the construction and commissioning of a constructed wetland wastewater treatment plant on the example of an object, which was established in 2011 in the village Skorczyce (Lublin province). It was found that the costs of constructing this type of treatment plant pay for itself after about 5 years of operation. Calculated that the cost of materials accounted for 65% of the total investment costs incurred for the installation of the object. The remainder (about 35%) were the costs of services relating to the design and im-plementation of treatment plant and supervision of its construction and commis-sioning. In the first months of treatment plant operation was over 95% efficiency of the elimination of organic pollutants (BOD5 and COD) and total suspended solids removal. Optimum conditions for removal of pollutants were observed in the first bed with vertical flow. During start-up treatment plant the average total phosphorus removal efficiency was 84% and total nitrogen did not exceed 42%, which may be due to inadequate formation of biological membranes and unfavorable conditions for the normal processes of nitrification and denitrification.
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The article presents the assessment of land consolidation works carried out in the area which is part of the Borek village located in the Rzezawa commune, bocheński district. The land consolidation works in this area were conducted in connection with A4 motorway construction works (Kraków-Tarnów). The motor-way cut into the land layout of the village in its southern area. The land consoli-dation works included 246 ha, which accounts for 26% of the whole area of the village. Currently (March, 2012) the base works on geodetic land consolidation plan have been completed, which allowed for carrying out analyses verifying the planned objectives and comparing the land layouts before and after land consoli-dation. However, the real completion of land layout reorganization depends on the completion of investments accompanying the land consolidation plan that includes building new elements of transport network.Before the land consolidation process the area of Borek was characterized by a genuinely disadvantageous spatial structure, including mainly vast, compact areas detached from the agricultural transport road network and the domination of excessively elongated plots of land. For the above-mentioned reasons, among others, a big part of the village, including the area cut by the motorway, has not been used for ...
The paper presents results of research concerning changes in total phos-phorus concentrations from outflow from following beds of constructed wetland in Paszkow. There was analyzed domestic wastewater which was supplied to the four beds made as constructed wetland. The beds were designed with horizontal subsurface flow in a mixed config-uration (serial - parallel). The evaluation assessed the composition of domestic wastewater supplied to the beds and as well as physico-chemical composition of the outflows. The research was conducted during July 2008 - March 2011. It was found that the average treatment efficiency for total phosphorus was at 40,0 %, with the highest annual treatment effects were observed for bed no.1. The average concentration of total phosphorus in the effluent discharged to the receiver was 4,4 mgPdm-3. Due to requirements to be met by the outflows form wastewater treatment plants for P.E < 2000, the wastewater treatment plant meets the conditions only for values of BOD5 and COD. In the case of the suspension exceeded to the limit values were observed during whole research period.
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Spa town are usually areas highly attractive with regard to country lore and their natural environment. The environmental values of each spa influence their efficiency. Environmental values include: elements of tourist infrastructure, tourist attractions, tourist services which are in demand on the tourism market. Two spas from the Kotlina Jeleniogórska have been the subject of the study: Świeradów-Zdrój and Cieplice Śląskie-Zdrój. One may consider them to be the more efficient spas in the Lower Silesia region. To a certain degree, they owe the high level of curative services they provide, as well as the standard of their spa infrastructure, to the basic determinants of the area, which influence the spatial features of the spas. These determinants include: sources of therapeutic natural resources (the climate, mineral springs, peats, peloids); green patterns which are unique with regard to their aesthetic, historical and compositional values; the presence of neighbouring large forest complexes, which influence the climatic and therapeutic conditions and which provide an aesthetic background for the spa establishment; the spa's localisation within or in the vicinity of legally protected areas; its localisation in areas traditionally used for leisure; its localisation in ar-eas accessible through public transport (efficient communication routes).
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The increasing importance of the transport forces modernization of many road stretches. The changes in the transport are not meaningless for the natural environment - the fauna. In order to determine the exact number of animals dying on roads the study was undertaken, which aims at creating a mobile method of in-ventorying animals which died as a result of road incidents. The proper method will be used among others to conduct the study of the effectiveness of the applied security systems, which aim at decreasing the number of collisions with animals and will enable the outlining the migration corridors. In the study presented there was analyzed the usage of the mobile method with a digital camera installed on a specialist car.The preliminary study showed the influence of many factors on the study ef-fectiveness. These factors were among others weather conditions, the speed of the study vehicle, the time, which passed since the road incident took place etc.It results from the study conducted that the average effectiveness of the mo-bile method amounted to 31.65%. As far as the analysis is concerned, which took into account only the reptiles and the amphibians - the average effectiveness of the study amounted to 27.69%. ...
In paper analyzed the results of research concerning nitrate and total ni-trogen content in drainage effluents as well as surface water coming from facilities located in Lower Silesia area. Detailed analysis were made for participation of nitrate nitrogen in total nitrogen amount. Drainage effluents were characterized by significant content of total nitrogen: average concentration in research period amounted from 22,4 mg N dm3 to 36,9 mg N dm3. In drainage effluents, derived from different drainage section, relation N-NO3:N didn't show significant differences and was in the range 75-88%, despite the fact that this water differed significantly of total and nitrate nitrogen content. The increase of average concen-tration of total nitrogen in surface water for both research objects was cause by outflowing drainage effluents that were reached in nitrogen compounds. In drain-age water in summer period showed smaller relation N-NO3:N, what should be explain by intensive absorbing this ion by plants in vegetation period. Regardless of the analyzed period, there was found higher proportion of nitrate in water below research object. Only in case of lowland object these differences were significant for significant level p=0,05. The more fluctuation of relation N-NO3 conducive smaller participation of nitrate nitrogen in total ...
For many years 3D models representing the terrain surface are used in various fields of science and engineering. The paper shows and describes the pro-cess of data implementation to the DTM, and reviews methods of creating DTM based on the TIN and GRID meshes. The paper presents methods for creating TIN meshes. It also describes the method of height interpolation in raster models based on the measurement data using various algorithms.
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The article attempts to assess the precipitation impact on eutrophication process in selected lakes of Suwalsko-Augustowskie Lakeland (lakes: Necko, Rospuda Augustowska, Studzieniczne and Białe Augustowskie). Numeric model of eutrophication, defined in WASAP programme (Water Analysis Simulation Pro-gram), which is developed and worked on in USA Environmental Protection Agency, has been used in studies. The model has been developed on the basis of own investigations, which were carried on in 1998-2008 years as well as the rain-fall analyses, that were available in WIOŚ (Voivodship Inspectorate for Environ-mental Protection) materials and statistical Yearbooks. Using the calibrated model a simulation was made, in which estimated nitrogen and phosphorus loads, delivered to the lake's waters from precipitation, were increased and decreased and then, the concentration changes of total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate, total phosphorus, orthophosphate and chlorophyl ‘a' were observed in the model. Based on the obtained results, the role of precipitation in the eutrophication process of lakes was assessed.
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The paper presents the efficiency of the sewage treatment based on the ex-ample of the sewage treatment plant in Dobczyce. The resarch was based on the analysis of 44 raw sewage and treated sewage from January 2007 to December 2010. Values of five selected pollution indexes were analyzed: BOD5, COD, total suspended solids, general nitrogen and general phosporus. The amount of the transgressions of the admissible index values in relation to the water law permis-sion was defind. The effectiveness of the indexes' decrease In the tested period was analyzed. The carried out research showed the high efficiency of the pollutants amount decrease: BOD5 - 98,9%, COD - 97,6%, total suspended solids - 97,6%, general nitrogen - 89,4%, general phosporus - 97,6%. ...
The paper attempts to assess the effect of standard living on municipal waste generation in Podlasie Province. Changes of waste quantity were analysed in all province's districts in eight-year period. Eight parameters (variables), which characterise standard living and which may differentiate waste generation in each region, were taken for analyse. Two variables connected with waste generation (waste quantity and waste generation index) were also taken into consideration.As an investigation tool was used the Statistica packet. It allows to determine direction and strength of interaction between selected variables as well as to describe the interdependences and structure of them. The obtained results have shown, that different variables influence in dif-ferent way on waste generation. As a results of this a regional diversity of waste has appeared. It was also observed reduction of correlation value between the average monthly salary and amount of generated waste. In the whole province it was observed a high correlation between the waste quantity and population using sewage-treatment plants as well as urbanisation level. It was assumed that such a correlations are appropriate for urban areas. Analyse of correlation coefficient in non-urban area has also indicated a positive correlation between waste generation index and number of unemployed ...
In the article presents effectiveness of sewage treatment in Sewage Treatment Plant in Lipnica Wielka. The domestic sewage follow into the Sewage Treatment Plant in gravity system. The method used for sewage treatment is based on the active sludge method with chemical precipitation of phosphor. The research was carried out in the period from March 2009 to June 2010. The analysis was performed on samples of raw and treated sewage. Three indicators of pollutants were analysed: BOD5, COD, total suspended solids. Furthermore was determined the volume of sewage flowing into the sewage treatment plant.Basing on the results analysis, effectiveness of BOD5 reduction was defined on the level of 96,23%, COD- 91,42% and total suspended solids - 95,71%. Also it was observed that research of volume of sewage flowing into the sewage treatment plant, were indicated a hydraulically underload.
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In paper a results of oxygen concentration and redox potential measure-ments are presented. The analyses were conducted in annual cycle in four lakes of Suwalsko-Augustowskie Lakelands. The four lakes - Studzieniczne, Białe Augus-towskie, Rospuda Augustowska and Necko - situated in the immediate vicinity of Augustow city were taken into cosideration. Measurements were carried out with use of multiparameters probe YSI 600Xl in about monthly intervals since May 2006 to April 2007 in control point with a largest depth. Obtained results have confirmed the eutrophic character of analysed lakes as well as significant role of internal feeding in process of their eutrophication. ...
