Zeszyt: 2011, vol. 8 / 06
Project "Operational decision-making based on atmospheric conditions" (PROZA) started in September 2009 is created by the consortium of four partners: Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computer Modeling (ICM), University of Warsaw, Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Research Institute of Forestry, and Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk (IOUG). The project has been developed in a response to actual demands from economic entities. Increasing need to improve regional and local weather forecasts is based on a significant impact of a weather on many areas of the human activity. The systematic increase of the quality of forecasts based on the concentrated research in the field of numerical weather prediction gives the possibility to improve the usability and practical application of results in various fields of economy and social life. Topics implemented under the project relate both to the development of operational numerical weather prediction system and develop a range of applications for selected areas of the economy: energy, forestry, horticulture and marine management. ...
Land surface parameterizations in numerical weather prediction models direct the exchange of energy between the land surface and the atmosphere. The main purpose of this paper is to gain insight into how surface heterogeneity can influence the modeled convective boundary layer, and whether the complexity of the modeled land-atmosphere interactions can improve forecasts of convective precipitation. To achieve this the NOAH land-surface model has been coupled to the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). Selected cases of fair weather convective conditions and convectively produced rain episodes were used to evaluate the behavior of a land-surface model coupled to a high-resolution numerical weather prediction system. Our experiments are designed such that different surface conditions (wet soil during rain episodes and dry soil conditions during fair weather days) and different atmospheric situations could be used to further our understanding of the behavior of the model by com-paring model solutions to surface observations.
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At ICM in quasi-operational form two non-hydrostatic numerical weather prediction models are operated, Unified Model developed by UK Meteorological Office and COAMPS (Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System) developed by US Naval Research Laboratory. Unified Model has horizontal reso-lution of 4 km and 38 levels in vertical. COAMPS model is configured with three nested grids and horizontal resolutions of 39, 13 and 4.3 km. UM and the second grid of COAMPS cover the area of Central Europe. In this paper results of both NWP models, i.e. COAMPS computed on 13 km mesh resolution and UM were verified against observations from 60 Polish synoptic stations. In the verification process surface observations were compared with the nearest gridpoint forecasts. Only results from 00 UTC model runs were used.For the following meteorological elements: 2m air temperature, wind speed and wind direction at 10 m, mean sea level pressure ME, MAE and RMSE are presented. In case of 12 hour accumulated precipitation contingency tables for selected thresholds were constructed and their results were used to obtain FBI, ETS, POD and FAR. The verification sample covers period since June 2009 to November 2010.
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Progress which can be observed in measuring instruments, calculation techniques, and it in general has considerably influenced the accuracy of mea-surements and as such has proved to be useful in weather forecasting. Agriculture seems to be the most dependent on weather conditions, therefore agrometeorolog-ical forecasting plays an important role in the whole system of decision making re-lated to agriculture and plant protection. A high level of verifiability of weather forecasting is the basic and required condition. The aim of the presented analyses was estimation of the quality of forecasting worked out with mesoscale numerical models. The accuracy of the forecasts (maximum, minimum and mean temperature, rainfall) was compared with the data obtained by automatic meteorological stations for Skierniewice (51º 57' N, 20º08' E), Biała Rządowa (51º 15' N, 18º 27' E) and Białousy (53º 24' N, 23º 13' E). The quality of forecasting was evaluated for the three stations using numerical models: UM and COAMPS. The forecasts were worked out at ICM of Warsaw University. Additionally, another forecast for Skierniewice prepared by Meteoblue from Switzerland, where NOAA/NCEP GFA model was used. The presented evaluation of the forecast of temperature and rain-fall showed a significant space and time diversity between the ...
As part of PROZA project at the Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, work is being carried out on launching an integrated wave-current model for the Baltic Sea region. Wave WAM and current POM models used for this pur-pose, are supplied with data from numerical weather forecasts from the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) model operating at ICM. The accuracy of forecasts of meteorological parameters directly impacts the forecasts of wind wave and sea current fields. The accuracy of results of short term weather forecasts generated by COAMPS and Unified Model (UMPL) operating at ICM, was assessed for two locations on the coast of Baltic Sea in Poland. For the two studied locations (Łeba and Hel), air temperature is forecasted with highest accuracy (r>90%), and wind direction and velocity forecasts are characterized by lower accuracy (r<85%)
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Numerical weather forecasts have reached the acuraccy and reliability level that their results can be used as a replacement for the measurements of weather parameters when the availability of the latter is limited. Here we present the application of the COAMPS numerical weather forecast model to prediction of the potential evapotranspiration ET0. ET0 is computed using the data from the model. Also a hybrid model with part of the data coming from the model and part of the data from the measurements was used. Additionally a machine learning methods were used to improve model skill. The results show that application of the simulated data gives very good agreement of the predicted ET0 with that computed using measurement data. Hybrid models are slightly better than the purely simulation-based and machine learning allows for further improvement od the ET0 models.
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The relationship between weather conditions and most important economi-cally infectious diseases of assimilative apparatus of forest trees was investigated for stands up to 20 years old. The analyses were based on data of Scots pine needle cast, twisting rust, shoot dieback, oak powdery mildew occurrence in Poland from the years 1975-2004 and meteorological data from 30 stations located all over the country from the years 1966-2005. There were 130 meteorological parameters of air and soil temperature, precipitation, humidity, synthetic hydrothermal coefficients (in forms of monthly, seasonal, annual and multi-annual means) as well as their deviations from multi-annual averages used in the calculations. To determine most influential for disease occurrence weather variables correlation and principal component analyses were applied, while multiple regression analysis was used to determine the dependence between diseases occurrence and selected weather parameters. For all analyzed diseases statistically significant dependence was found, most pronounced for meteorological parameters of the year of disease appearance as well as from one-two years earlier.
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The paper presents the characteristics of soil and climate conditions at the Experimental Station in Zawady, belonging to University Of Natural Sciences And Humanities in Siedlce, cultivated area, grain yields and harvest the four species of cereals were given (winter rye, triticale, spring triticale and spring wheat). In soil and climatic conditions in the area of RSD on the largest area triticale was planted, which harvested on the highest level, which let to get the largest yields. But the lowest grain yield was taken from winter rye and spring wheat. Cereal grain yield in research years was differed by conditions of rain and temperature. Difference in grain yield in relation to the average of the decade ranged from -36.5% to 58.3%, depending on years and species.
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The aim of the study was to compare the deadlines of irrigation established on basis of various atmospheric parameters and indicators and an initial verification of their practical usefulness. The study compares four methods for determining the deadlines of irrigation, using the results of a simple meteorological measurements. Calculations were made for a full season of irrigation, covering the period from 11 May to 15 September. Simulations were conducted for two growing seasons: dry of 2008, and of 2010 wet but with a very uneven distribution of precipitation. Meteorological data from standard measurement conducted in UTP Research Station, located in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz were used. It was found that the indices of water consumption , that have been calculated on the basis of various meteorological parameters differed largely, both in terms of seasonal averages and also extremes, but were characterized by a significant correlation. An irrigation the most saving the water have proved to be controlled by the method of balance by Drupka, and secondly by the method on the basis of precipitation measurements. Most deadlines of irrigation, both in dry and wet season, were established under the balance method using the ratio of water consumption calculated by ...
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cultivar characte-ristic, irrigation and the four variants of nitrogen fertilization on economic useful-ness of brewing barley grain cultivars. Economic suitability of brewing barley 'Mauritia' and 'Martha' cultivars was define on the basis of plump grains yield, malting productivity and malt weight, which are possible to obtain from 1 hectare of cultivation. A field experiment was conducted during the growing season 2010 on sandy soil in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz. During irrigation, a total of five doses of 105 mm of water was used. From barley grain of thickness over 2.5 mm, Pilsner type malts were obtained in laboratory conditions. It was found that higher eco-nomic usefulness, determined on the basis of grain yield, malts weight and malting productivity was characterized by a brewing barley cultivar 'Marthe'. The intro-duction of irrigation in technology of brewing barley cultivation, regardless of ni-trogen fertilization, has contributed to increased grain yield and malting produc-tivity from unit area. Optimal level of nitrogen fertilization for tested cultivars of brewing barley is 30 kg.ha-1. Increasing the nitrogen dose from 30 to 60-90 kg.ha-1, did not result in significant increases in weight of plump grains and malts.
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The paper presents the results of strict field experiments with irrigation on sandy soil of faba bean (Vicia faba L. minor) varieties "Bobas" conducted in 2005-2009 at the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz. Subsequent growing seasons were very differential, especially rainfall, which determined the amount of applied irrigation doses. In 2009 there was no need for irrigation, and in 2008 an additional 200 mm of water was distributed. Faba bean seed yield for the control plots ranged in successive years from 0.58 t.ha-1 (2008) to 5.26 t.ha-1 (2009r.). The sprinkler irrigation influenced the significant increase of yield up to 3.12 t.ha-1, it was highly correlated with total precipitation in May-July period and the dose of irrigated water. The lower rainfall and the higher doses of irrigation, the greater were the effects of irrigation production. In the experiment, it was found a high efficiency of irrigation, which ranged from 14.8 to 34.8 kg of an additional yield received from each 1 mm of wa-ter, depending on the year.
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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of drip irrigation on yields of summer squash cv. ‘Danka' grown under conditions of the two localities: Lipnik near Stargard Szczeciński (soil of quality class IVB, and of good-rye-soil-complex) and Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz (soil of quality class V, and of weak-rye-soil-complex). The experiments were designer as one-factorial trias. One factor was considered - drip irrigation (control, drip irrigation). Drip irrigation was conducted according to soil tensiometer indications (-0,04 MPa). Drip irrigation - both in Lipnik as well as in Kruszyn Krajeński - significantly increased marketable yields of summer squash ‘Danka'. Higher increases in yields due to irrigation were obtained in Kruszyn Krajeński. Mean marketable yield of summer squash fruits in Lipnik was higher than that obtained in Kruszyn Krajeński. Fruits in Lipnik were characterized by the higher weight as compared to those in Kruszyn Krajeński. Summer squash plants in KruszynKrajeński - irrespective of expe-rimental water treatment - were characterized by the higher number of fruits.
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The aim of this study was the effect of the subsurface drip irrigation with nitrogen fertilization chosen asparagus cultivars on the occurrence of asparagus beetles.The field experiment was carried out in two consecutive years (2009-2010) at Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz. The experiment was conducted in a rando-mized block design of a two-factorial system with four replications. The first tested factor was irrigation in two following variants: non-irrigated plots (control) with hand sowing nitrogen fertilizer and subsurface drip irrigated plots with nitrogen fertigation. The second factor was associated with asparagus cultivars: 5 from USA: Apollo, Atlas, UC-157, Grande and Purple Passion, and 3 from Germany: Ramada, Rapsody and Ravel. The number of adults and larvae of both asparagus beetles was observed on every single plot area; three times during the vegetation period from July to August (beginning from the first decade of July and continuing every third week). The harvest plot area was 14,7 m2 (20 plants x 0,35m x 2,1m).The adults and larvae of twelve-spotted asparagus beetles were more nu-merous than common asparagus beetles on tested asparagus cultivars. The adults of twelve-spotted asparagus beetles prefered subsurface drip irrigation asparagus plants: Atlas, UC-157, Grande and Rapsody, than non-irrigated plants of these ...
The effect of drip fertigation and the two ways of seedling production on the yields of cv. ‘Bingo' was determined in the field experiment carried out in the year 2008 on a very light soil at Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz. The experiments were run in a split-plot system with four replications. Two different factors were compared. The first row factor - drip fertigation, was used in the two following treatments: KP - drip irrigation + standard N-fertilization (control),KF - drip irrigation + N-fertigation 3 times during the vegetation season. Fertiga-tion was conducted with the use of proportional mixing dispenser. The second row factor was the light used during the seedling production: S - sunny light (greenhouse, control), F - artificial light - fitotron (lamps). It was found that the fertigation significantly increased marketable fruit yield from 40,1 to 51,0 t.ha-1 (by 10,9 t.ha-1 i.e. by 27 %). Yields of plants from seedlings produced under conditions of sunny light in greenhouse (control) - treatment (S)(48,1 t .ha-1), were signifi-cantly higher than those obtained from seedlings produced in fitotron under artifi-cial light (43,0 t .ha-1). The highest yields (56,0 t .ha-1) were obtained from plants from seedlings produced in greenhouse grown ...
Field studies conducted in the years 2003 - 2005 in the Agricultural Experimental Station in Lipnik near Stargard, on sandy soil. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of irrigation and fertilization crown on the content of total chlorophyll and carotenoids in leaves of cherry, peach and plum trees. Irri-gation was applied in the form of crown, in which water was distributed by type sprinkler Hadar, where the soil water potential fell below -0.01 MPa. Nitrogen fertilizers applied in early spring, before moving the vegetation, while phosphorus and potassium in the autumn according to the agricultural. All experiments were randomized block design established in the system dependent (called a split-plot), in seven replications in the experiment with cherry, peach and five with four repli-cations in the experiment with the plums. All experiments were carried out on trees in the fourth year after planting, fall within the third year of fruiting. Trees were planted at spacing: cherry - 4 x 2 m, peach - 3.5 x 3 m, plum - 4.5 x 4 m. per hec-tare were 1,250 pieces of cherry trees, peach trees 952.4 pc and 555, 5 pieces of plum trees. Maintained grass between the trees, ...
A field experiment was conducted in 2003 and 2005 at the Experimental Station Lipnik near Stargard, on acid brown soil. The soil is classified as quality class IVb, good rye complex, and for cultivation of light soils with low water re-tention useful. We evaluated the use of water for cherry grown under different water and fertilizer. The experiment was randomized block design in the system dependent (called a split-plot), in seven replications in the experiment. The research was conducted on trees in the fourth year after planting, fall within the third year of fruiting. Maintained grass between the trees, and rows of trees - herbicide fallow. The factor I was watering under-crown: O-control (without irrigation), W-irrigated sites, where soil water potential fell below 0.01 MPa. Irrigation system was used under-crown in which water was distributed by type of Hadar sprinkler scale spraying for cherry-1m. Second factor was the mineral fertilization NPK 0 - control (without fertilization), 2 NPK - 260 kg NPK. ha-1 (80 +60 +120). Nitrogen fertilizers applied in early spring, before moving the vegetation, while phosphorus and potassium in the autumn according to the agrotechnical. Based on water intensity ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration and photosynthetic rate were ...
The influence of fertilization with the compost prepared from forest humus and mulching with the fresh ectohumus on the soil properties, the growth of one-year old Scots pine seedlings as well as on the biological activity of soils in the forest nursery was studied in the work. The biological activity was estimated with the usage of bioindicatory method - mites (Acari), especially saprophage oribatid mites (Oribatida) were used as biological indices. On the base of the study it was stated that the ground surface horizon was characterized by acid reaction. Fertilization with the compost from forest humus increased significantly the height of Scots pine seedlings - plants cultivated on plots fertilized with compost were by 46% higher than those fertilized by mineral fertilizers only. Organic fertilization increased also significantly the fresh mass of the above-ground parts of Scots pine seedlings. Effect of mulching - which was carried out in September - on the investigated parameters was not detected. In the spring - before the measure of mulching - the density of mites on the studied ground was low. Among these arthropods the most numerous were Actinedida which constituted from 91 to 100% of all mites. After the ...
Pathogenicity of Phytophthora isolates obtained from water reservoirs and watercourses toward Ligustrum vulgare, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Lavandula angustifolia and Rhododendron sp. was evaluated. Tested isolates were detected form 3 water ponds situated in ornamental nurseries, 3 rivers and drainage canal in nursery. All of analysed isolates of P. citrophthora and P. cinnamomi colonized tested plant tissues in the laboratory and greenhouse conditions. There were no dif-ferences in pathogenicity of isolates from host plants in comparison to cultures from different water sources.
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One of preparations having an influence on mushrooms are hydrogels. They are chemical substances causing an extension of water capacity in the cover with simultaneous decrease of water losses due to evaporation. Using sorbents affects reduction in watering frequency and lowering financial costs. The researches were done in 2010-2011 in two growing cycles. For the production it was used pasteurized bed with planted two-spore mushroom mycelium of Sylwan 737 race. The doses of hydrogels amounted from 0 to 200 g٠m-2. There were two kinds of hydrogels used in the experiment: AgroHydroGel. In the research it was measured size and the most important parameters of commercial crop: dry mass quantity, one fructification mass. The purpose of the study was to determine hy-drogels influence on a two-spore mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). As the result of the research it was noticed differences in quantity and quality of the crop depending on the used dose and the kind of hydrogel. In both growing cycles the highest crops were gained with hydrogel in dose of 200 g٠m-2, the lowest ones on beds with no hydrogel.
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The response of the three romaine lettuce cultivars to nitrogen fertigation by drip system was investigated in the field experiment carried out in 2009-2010 on the very light soil at Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz. The trial was established as one-factorial trial with four replications. The studied factor was cultivar: ‘Barracuda', ‘Chiquina' i ‘Romora'. Fertigation was conducted with the use of proportional mixing dispenser. The use of drip irrigation connected with nitrogen fertigation enabled the proper growth and development as well as valuable yielding of plants on the very light soil, in the region of low rainfall amounts during the vegetation period. From among the three cultivars tested, ‘Barracuda' was cha-racterized by the highest: yield, head weight and dry matter content. The influence of drip irrigation
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